Chapter 12
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UNIVERSAL
PRECAUTIONS
RED BLOOD CELLS - transport gasses
WHITE BLOOD CELLS - fight disease
PLATELETS - cell fragments that prevent blood
loss
HEMATOCRIT - percentage of blood cells by
volume
BLOOD VOLUME - can vary with body size,
change in fluid and electrolyte concentration
and the amount of adipose
Males - 5-6 Liters
Females - 4-5 Liters
Figure 12.02a
RED BLOOD CELLS
AKA ERYTHROCYTES
-biconcave discs adapted to
transport gasses
-Lose nuclei early on
-RBCs are made of
hemoglobin that bind oxygen
-When oxygen bound to
hemoglobin the RBC color is
red
-When without oxygen the
RBC appears bluish
-Hypoxia - prolonged
deficiency of oxygen
RED BLOOD CELL COUNTS
The number of RBCs in a
microliter = 4.6-6.2 million for
males
and 4.2-5.4 million in females
A significant increase or decrease
out of these ranges indicates
disease.
Figure 12.03
Figure 12.04a
Nutritional Factors That Affect RBC Production
B COMPLEX
FOLIC ACID
VITAMIN B 12
-all involved in DNA synthesis
IRON
-required for hemoglobin and RBC synthesis
-The small intestine absorbs iron
-The body reuses iron released by the break down of hemoglobin
from damaged cells
-ANEMIA - RBC and subsequent hemoglobin deficiency
-HEMOCHROMATOSIS - condition where the small intestine
absorbs iron at 10x the normal rate leading to iron build up in the
organs. Treatment: frequent blood removal
-SICKLE CELL ANEMIA - single DNA base change leads to
abnormal hemoglobin molecules that bend RBCs into a sickle shape
and can block circulation leading to excruciating joint pain and organ
damage.
Figure 12.05
DIAPEDESIS - how WBCs leave circulation to fight invaders
The function of white blood cells is to protect against infection and make proteins to destroy foreign invaders
WHITE BLOOD CELL AND PLATELET COUNTS
White blood cell count = the number of WBCs in a microliter of blood - 4,500 - 10,000 cells = normal
An increased WBC count = infection
LEUKOCYTOSIS - high WBCs - 10,000 or above per microliter of blood
LEUKOPENIA - low WBCs - below 5,000 per microliter of blood
PLATELETS - cell fragments that arise from megakaryocytes
-With out nuclei, 1/2 the size of a RBC, can live 10 days
-Close breaks in damaged blood vessels
-Initiate formation of blood clots
Platelet count = 130,000 - 360,000 per microliter = normal
Figure 12.12
Figure 12.13
A NORMAL
ARTERY
VERSUS…
AN
ATHEROSC
LEROTIC
ARTERY
Figure 12.16
Figure 12.17
AGLUTTINATION - clumping of RBCs after a transfusion
reaction - this is bad! Person with A blood given B blood!
Figure 12.18d
DETAILS ON Rh FACTORS…..
Rh Blood Group - named after the Rhesus monkey in which it was 1st studied
Human RBCs can have an antigen on its surface = Rh +
If no antigen on the RBC that = Rh The Rh trait like our blood type is inherited
If an Rh- person receives an initial transfusion of Rh + blood the recipient makes antiRh antibodies
If that same person receives another Rh+ transfusion their blood will agglutinate
because antibodies made with the first transfusion will attack the transfused blood.
A similar reaction can occur in a pregnant female if the mother is Rh- and the baby Rh
+ or vice versa
Figure 12.19