Chapter 10
Blood
• Functions
Blood
– distribution
• oxygen and nutrients
• removal of CO2 & wastes
• hormones
– protection
• prevent blood loss
• prevent infection
– regulation
• body temp. blood’s temp. 100.4 degrees F
• normal Ph 7.35-7.45
• volume
– males ~ 5-6 L
– females ~ 4-5 L
Blood
• Fluid Tissue ~ connective
– plasma
– blood cells
– hematocrit
• red blood cells 45%
• Plasma 55%
• Buffy coat less than 1 %
contains white cells and
platelets
Composition & Character
• Plasma
– water
• 90%
– protein
• antibodies
albumin fibrogen
• Na +
Ca +
– electrolytes
K+
– other components
• gases
– O2 and CO2
• glucose
• fatty acids
• vitamins
Cl - Mg +
Red Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes
– Transport oxygen to cells
– Mature RBC lack a nucleus- eject it
– Live 120 days – destroyed by the spleen
– Made in red bone marrow
– Small biconcave discs thinner in center
– Females: 4.3-5.2 million cells/mm3
– Males: 5.1-5.8 million cells/mm3
RBC
• Hemoglobin
– Iron containing pigment
– 12-18 g/100ml
– Single cell has about 250 million hemoglobin
molecules can bind with 4 oxygens
Hematopoiesis- blood cell formation
red bone marrow stem cells
RBC
• Life span – 120 days
• Anemia – decrease in O2 carrying capacity
– Hemoglobin and or RBC deficiency
– Symptoms: pale, cold, tired, short of breath
– Causes
•
•
•
•
•
Sickle cells
B12 deficiency
Hemorrhage
Low iron
Bacterial infections
Platelets
• Thrombocytes
– Cell fragments
– 300,000/mm3
– Hemostasis- stops blood flow “clots”
– Platelets cling to damaged site,
– blood clotting factors
– fibrogen form fibrin
– and then clot
– Hemostasis disorders
thrombus embolus “clots”
hemophilia - no clots
• White Blood Cells- Leukocytes
– defense and immunity
– contain nuclei and organelles
– 5000 - 10,000 WBC’s
– granular leukocytes
• neutrophil’s ~ 3,000 - 7,000 54-62% of WBC
– phagocytes
– multilobed nucleus stain pink grains deep purple
• eosinophils ~ 100-400 1-3% of WBC
– chemicals to kill parasitic worms allergies
– red granuals blue-red bilobed nucleus
• basophils ~ 20-30
–
–
–
–
less than 1% of WBC
secrete histamines - vasodilators
chemicals to kill foreign substances
few large blue-purple grains
u or s shaped nucleus
Agranulocytes
• Monocytes 100-700 3-9 % of WBC
– Large cells two to three times larger than RBC
– Phagocytes
– Present in chronic infections
• Lymphocytes ~ 1500 – 3000 25-33%
–
–
–
–
small cells - r.b.c size
large dark purple nucleus
Provide immunity B cells and T cells
Secrete antibodies
– WBC count
• leukocytosis
above 11,000 cells / mm 3
–infection
• leukopenia
–low count
–drugs steroids flu mumps measles
AIDS
• leukemia
–too many immature WBC’s > 17,000
• mononucleosis
–too many abnormal monocytes
Blood Groups
• Human Blood Groups
– 30 common antigens on RBC’s
– Antigens- agglutinogens
• proteins on cell surfaces
– Antibodies- agglutinins
• proteins made in response to foreign
antigens
– agglutination
• “clumping”
• binding of antibodies to foreign antigens
Blood Groups
• ABO Systems
Blood Type
Antigens
Antibodies
Can receive
Can donate to
O
None
A&B
O
All
A
A
B
A&O
A & AB
B
B
A
B&O
B & AB
AB
A&B
None
All
AB
Blood Groups
• RH System
– Rh – mother can make antibodies against
developing Rh+ fetus
– eight different kinds of Rh antigens
– most important is antigen D have Rh +
– lack antigen D Rh - make Rh antibodies
• Blood Typing
– cross matching