Chapter 3
A New Nation Emerges
Lesson 9 – A Clash of Two Empires in Pennsylvania
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Philadelphia – planned by William Penn
o Orderly street and parks
o Protected from ocean but had Delaware River
o Major trade center
European settlers doing well – Native Americans WERE NOT
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– Diseases – measles and smallpox
– Had no resistance to diseases
Walking Purchase – 1737
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Delaware Indians would sell a strip of land that covered as much territory as a man could walk in a day
and a half
– Penn’s sons cheated Natives
• Cleared path and set up Runners
– After William Penn’s death
– Wilderness in Pennsylvania
– Pelts – animal skins
Native Americans were skilled at trapping fur-bearing animals
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– Europeans wanted furs, known as pelts
– Traded pelts for cloths, guns, iron kettles, etc.
– No roadways through the wilderness
Trading Posts were set up by trading companies in the wilderness.
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– Stored items to be traded for pelts
Later, forts were built on the sites of these trading posts
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Conflicts in the wilderness
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Conflicts in the wilderness
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France and England – set up colonies
France and England – set up colonies
Both countries claimed the same land
French and English followed separate rivers, meeting at forks of the Ohio River (Pittsburgh)
Both claimed territory
Both ready to fight in order keep fur trade
French Grand Plan
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Central link to establish a water transportation system
• St. Lawrence River to St. Louis and Mississippi River southward, using great lakes in between
Peace-loving Quakers would not fight
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Asked for help from Governor Dinwiddie of the Virginia Colony
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1753, 21 year old George Washington was sent out to order French out of the area.
Fort LeBoeuf, near present day Erie, Washington delivered message.
French refused to leave
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1754, Governor of Virginia (Dinwiddie) wanted settlement built at the forks of the Ohio River
• French captured settlement and built own fort, Fort Duquesne (du kane)
1754, Washington and troops returned to region to save settlement
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– Built crude roads through thick forests and over rugged hills, Heat of summer
Washington set up camp in an open field (40 miles from fort), known as Great Meadows
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Native American chief Half-King, tipped off Washington about a French attack
Traveled through night, surprising French and winning. One French soldier escaped to relay news of the
battle
Washington set up camp in an open field (40 miles from fort), known as Great Meadows
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– Native American chief Half-King, tipped off Washington about a French attack
– Traveled through night, surprising French and winning. Battle of Jumonville Glen
– Battle lasted 15 minutes
– Allowed one French soldier escaped to relay news of the battle
1754 – French and Indian War
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Lasted nine years in Europe but only six in North America.
English were fighting French over control of the Ohio River Valley (control of North America)
Native Americans helped both sides
• Tribes who used to fight each other sided with French and Americans and fought once again
– Washington returned to Great Meadows and prepared for an attack.
– Fort Necessity – ordered built by Washington in preparation of French attack
– Weeks later, Washington surrendered to French
– French allowed Washington and troops to return to Virginia without weapons
– Fort was torn apart and burned
1755 – English sent General Braddock with large army to capture Fort Duquesne
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Washington traveled with troops
Ambushed by French while crossing Monongahela River and lost
Fought in traditional European War Tactics
• French and Indians hid behind trees
– Braddock shot in chest and died within days
– Buried in the middle of the rough road
1758 – British General Forbes advanced on Fort Duquesne with 8,000 troops
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– When arrived, fort had been set fire to and French had fled
– English built a new, stronger fort at location called Fort Pitt (eventually Pittsburgh)
– Victory allowed English rule to continue
– English won war within 2 years against French
Native Americans Continued to Fight
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Many Native Americans were unhappy with European rule and attacked trading posts and frontier forts
in western Pennsylvania
Led by Chief Pontiac
Only 3 forts survived attacks – Forts Bedford, Ligonier, and Pitt.
Battle of Bushy Run
• Colonel Bouquet led 450 person army against Pontiac
• Native American attacks lasted until the end of 1764. Lasted until American Revolution
Lesson 10 - Anger Among the Colonists with England’s Rule
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Quaker State vs. Keystone State
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Quaker State since founders were Quakers
Keystone – a central wedge-shaped stone in an arch that strengthens the structure and holds all of the
other stones in place
– Later, term deals with the political importance in forging a new nation.
Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and Bill of Rights were all documents written and approved in
Philadelphia.
Cost of French and Indian war was pushed onto the colonies.
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New taxes - monies collected to help pay for services provided by the government, were placed on the
American colonies
– Until the 1760s, the thirteen colonies were separate.
– New taxes brought them together in protest.
• Representation – having a say in government
– Should get say in what goods were to be taxed
Since Philadelphia was a keystone for all the colonies, it was chosen as the meeting place
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Center of cultural, political, medical and economic activities
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Firsts –
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– Ben Franklin started the first free library and volunteer fire department
– Benjamin Rush began the first hospital and medical school in the colonies
First Continental Congress – Sept 1774
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Congress – means coming together
Leaders of the colonies met and agreed to stop buying England’s goods brought to the colonies.
England eventually stopped the taxes on all goods except for tea
People of Pennsylvania refused to buy (boycott) tea
England felt superior to the colonists and refused to listen to their concerns - ethnocentric
Second Continental Congress – May 1775
Met at Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall).
John Hancock was president of 2nd Cont. Congress
Fighting between English troops and Massachusetts colonists began one month prior
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Congress elected George Washington Commander of the American Army, although John
Hancock wanted position
• Reasons: in order to get southern support, Washington, from Virginia, was chosen
May 1776 – five people were chosen to write a Declaration of Independence
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– Thomas Jefferson wrote original draft
– Benjamin Franklin, from Pennsylvania, helped greatly with the draft
– Radical thinking
Congress debated every paragraph and took out one-third of the original draft
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– Issues such as slavery taken out because of South
– William Penn’s government was blueprint
July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence was approved by 12 of the 13 states, New York chose not to vote.
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Liberty Bell – cast in England in 1751 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of William Penn’s Charter of Privileges.
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Rung during reading of Dec. of Independence
Hidden during was in Allentown
Crack appeared the first time it was rung, unsuccessfully repaired
Lesson 11 - The American Colonies’ Revolutionary War
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American Revolution – war fought to gain our independence from England
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– 1775-1781
– Treasonous act by the colonies
– Colonies were poorly prepared
Loyalists – people still loyal to England
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– 1400 Pennsylvanians joined England’s army during revolution.
– Quakers did not fight
Washington’s army had not won any battles and morale among the troops was low.
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– Christmas night, crossing of the Delaware to attack the English in Trenton.
– With only a third of his troop he had his victory – Battle of Trenton
Loyalists – people still loyal to England
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– 1400 Pennsylvanians joined England’s army during revolution.
– Quakers did not fight
Importance of Pennsylvania’s cities during the revolution:
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Rifles were made in Lancaster
Cannons were made in Philadelphia
Military supplies and ammunition were stored at Carlisle
Conestoga wagon was made in Lancaster
After 1777, English invaded Philadelphia
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Americans lost these battles, English army took control of Philadelphia
Washington set up camp at Valley Forge.
• Encampment – town/city built to house troops
• Freezing winter, poorly fed and clothed troops, thousands died
• Poor sanitary conditions at camps
• Diseases unknown to doctors, typhus, typhoid, and dysentery claimed many lives
Friedrich von Steuben, German officer, volunteered to train Washington’s men
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Ben Franklin, in December 1776, was sent to France to negotiate, hoping French would lend support after losing
to English for control of North America
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Strict discipline of the soldiers helped turn the war around
French sent money, guns, food, soldiers, and ships
Important women of the American Revolution
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Mary Hays followed her husband into battle.
• “Molly Pitcher” – carried pitchers of water onto battlefield for soldier who were fighting.
• When her husband was wounded, she took over his post at the cannon.
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Sarah Bache, daughter of Ben Franklin, organized more than 2,000 Philadelphia women to sew clothing
for the troops
Betsy Ross – believed to have made our country’s first flag
• 13 stars and 13 stripes (one for each colony)
Lesson 12 – Formation of a New Government
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American Revolution fought to get away from a King/Queen
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Articles of Confederation – written by American leaders during Revolution.
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– Very weak document
– States were like independent countries
– 13 articles describing duties of government
– Confederation – means a group of states united for a common purpose
Amerigo Vespucci – explored the coast of South America
– Name America was given to the land because of his travels
– When a continent was found to the north, the terms north and south were added
Major Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
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No Central Government
No power to make people to go to war
No way to make people obey the law
No way to levy or collect taxes
No mechanism for solving arguments among the states
No way to regulate trade among states
May 1787, delegates from twelve states met in Philadelphia with the purpose of strengthening the Articles
of Confederation
• Meeting to strengthen the Articles of Confederation
o George Washington was elected president of the convention
o Realized a new plan of government needed to be written
 55 delegates met, 8 from Pennsylvania
 Gouverneur Morris and Ben Franklin
Summer of 1787, secret meeting
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Stench from open sewers and animal tanning factory in the air
Mosquitoes and flies were terrible
Windows had no screens
Men wore wool clothing
Windows kept closed
Benjamin Rush
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One of the founding fathers
• Doctor
• Signer of Dec. of Independence
• Yellow Fever Virus
• Helped save Philadelphia during the epidemic
James Madison, Virginia, is given credit as being the Father of the U.S. Constitution
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Major disagreements over how each state was to be fairly represented in the new government
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Compromise
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Smaller states were worried about not getting equal representation, larger states were worried that
their vote would be equal to smaller states
Roger Sherman – The Great Compromise
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Representation by population (House of Rep.)
Equal representation (Senate)
Ben Franklin – the Great Pacifier
• Calmed many tempers during convention
• Oldest signer of Constitution although he did not agree with all parts of it
• 39 of 55 delegates approved Constitution
States needed to approve/RATIFY plan in order for it to be legal
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9 of the 13 had to approve
Promise to write a list of rights and freedoms was needed to get states to ratify
Interpretation, Compromise, and Change
• Amendments were the methods to allow these to happen
• Sept. 1790 – first ten amendments were proposed – BILL OF RIGHTS - 1791