Biology Midterm Review
1
Chromosomes that are
not involved in sex
determination.
A. Karyotype
B. Gamete
C.Autosome
D. Allele
2
In the 1940s and 1950s, scientists
did experiments to determine
the molecule responsible for
heredity. Their experiments
demonstrated that the molecule
that encodes and transmits
information in organisms is
A. DNA.
B. Glucosamine.
C. Insulin.
3
Which term describes the
maintenance of a steady
internal state in the body?
A. gametogenesis
B. homeostasis
C.mitosis
4
Vitamin D is an organic
molecule that regulates the
absorption of calcium by the
body. Which of the following
elements is most common in
a molecule of vitamin D?
A. aluminum
B. carbon
C.magnesium
5
Which of the following
organisms has the simplest
cellular structure?
A. Bacterium
B. Earthworm
C.Mushroom
6
The role of an enzyme in a
chemical reaction is to
change which of the
following?
A. the type of reaction
B. the activation energy of the
reaction
C.the pH at which the
reaction occurs
7
Which type of organic
molecule in the yolk of a
chicken egg provides the
most energy for a developing
chick?
A. lipid
B. nucleic acid
C.salt
8
Which of the following statements
describes each new molecule of
DNA produced when DNA
replicates?
A. Each new molecule is half the
length of the original molecule.
B. Each new molecule has only the
coding portions of the original
molecule in its sequence.
C. Each new molecule contains one
strand from the original molecule
and one new strand.
9
A student is looking at a
picture of a cell taken through
a microscope. The presence
of which of the following
would indicate that the cell is
eukaryotic?
A. cytoplasm
B. DNA
C.nucleus
10
Resistance to antibiotics results
from variations in the genetic
code of Streptococcus
pneumoniae. Which type of
molecule encodes genetic
information in Streptococcus
pneumoniae?
A. carbohydrate
B. fatty acid
C. nucleic acid
11
Which of the following is an
example of a mutation?
A.A red blood cell loses its
nucleus.
B.A strand of mRNA is
produced from DNA.
C.A nucleotide is missing in a
replicated DNA strand.
12
Scientists have found geysers on
one of Saturn’s moons. The geysers
release water vapor containing
complex organic compounds,
which may indicate the presence
of life. Which of the following
elements is most likely abundant in
the organic compounds in the
water vapor?
A.
carbon
B.
chlorine
C.
iron
13
Which of the following
matches a cell organelle
with its function?
A. chloroplast—movement
B. nucleus—cell regulation
C. vacuole—energy
production
14
Which of the following roles
does an enzyme play when the
body processes sucrose (table
sugar) into glucose and
fructose?
A. An enzyme decreases the
body’s need for sucrose.
B. An enzyme cause the cell to
burst.
C. An enzyme increases the
rate at which the sucrose breaks
down.
15
Which of the following features
of DNA is most important in
determining traits of an
organism?
A. the number of deoxyribose
sugars
B. the sequence of the bases
C.the strength of the hydrogen
bonds
16
A single nucleotide of DNA is
composed of which of the
following substances?
A. adenine, guanine, and
cytosine
B. ribose sugar, deoxyribose
sugar, and thymine
C. deoxyribose sugar, a
phosphate, and a base
17
The human body regularly
sheds and replaces its skin cells.
Which of the following
processes is directly responsible
for replacing these cells?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Mitosis
C.Osmosis
18
Some cell types contain
thousands of mitochondria.
These cells are likely to use
large amounts of which of
the following?
A. ATP
B. carbon dioxide
C. DNA
19
Which of the following
functions does active transport
perform in a cell?
A. packaging proteins for
export from the cell
B. distributing enzymes
throughout the cytoplasm
C. moving substances against
a concentration gradient
20
In pure water, a red blood cell
from an animal will swell and
burst, but a leaf cell from a
plant will not. Which structure
in the leaf cell is responsible for
this difference?
A. cell membrane
B. cell wall
C.mitochondrion
21
Amino acids, sugars, and ions
move across the cell
membrane. Their movement
from a region of high
concentration to a region of
low concentration is
accomplished by special
proteins in the membrane.
Which of the following terms
applies to this type of cell
transport?
A. facilitated diffusion
B. osmosis
C. transcription
22
Which of the following
statements describes the role of
ATP in animal cells?
A. ATP stores and releases
energy.
B. ATP forms the channels in the
plasma membrane.
C. ATP serves as the hereditary
material in the nucleus.
23
the particular alleles at
specified loci present in an
organism
A. Phenotype
B. Genotype
C.Karyotype
D. Heterozygote
24
Having identical alleles for a
given gene. “BB”
A. Heterozygous
B. Incomplete dominance
C.Recessive
D. Homozygous
25
Which type of cells are
made during meiosis?
A. body cells
B. gametes
C. autosomes
D. karyotypes
26
Which of the following is a
function of meiosis?
A. Cloning
B. Growth and repair
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Production of somatic
cells
27
The set of observable
characteristics of an individual
resulting from the interaction
of its genotype with the
environment
A. Phenotype
B. Genotype
C.Karyotype
D. Mutation
28
A single set of chromosomes
(half the full set of genetic
material) present in the egg
and sperm cells of animals and
in the egg and pollen cells of
plants
A. Haploid
B. Diploid
C.Allele
D. Hybrid
29
Containing two complete
sets of chromosomes, one
from each parent
A. Diploid
B. Haploid
C.Hybrid
D. Homozygous
30
traits or characteristics that
are controlled by the
interaction of more than one
gene
A. Sex-linked
B. Codominant
C.Ploidy
D. Polygenic
31
the condition where both
alleles of a gene are expressed
in the phenotype- resulting in
combined (blended)
phenotype
A. Incomplete Dominance
B. Codominance
C.Hybrid
D. Haploid
32
A condition in which both
alleles of a gene pair in a
heterozygote are fully
expressed, with neither one
being dominant or recessive to
the other
A. True breeding
B. Hybrid
C.Codominant
D. Homozygous
33
An exchange of genetic
material between homologous
chromosomes. It is one of the
final phases of genetic
recombination, which occurs
during prophase I of meiosis
A. Crossing over
B. Metaphase
C.Inheritance
D. Recessive
34
In guinea pigs, the allele for black
hair (B) is dominant to the allele for
brown hair (b). Two black-haired
guinea pigs are crossed. One of the
guinea pigs is homozygous for black
hair and one is heterozygous. What
percentage of the offspring are
expected to have black hair?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C.75%
D. 100%
35
In garden pea plants, the tall allele (T) is
dominant to the short allele (t), and the
round seed allele (R) is dominant to the
wrinkled seed allele (r).Which of the
following crosses could produce short
pea plants with wrinkled seeds?
A. TtRr x TTRR
B. TTRr x TTRr
C. TtRr x Ttrr
D. TtRR x ttRR
36
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) can result
in kidney failure. In most cases, PKD is
caused by a dominant allele. What is the
chance that a child will have PKD if the
father is unaffected and the mother is
heterozygous for PKD?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
37
Female cattle that have white coats are
crossed with male cattle that have red
coats. Both male and female offspring
have roan coats, which are coats with
both red hairs and white hairs.
Which of the following best describes
the genetics of coat color in the cattle?
A. The red and white alleles are sexlinked.
B. The red and white alleles are
codominant.
C. The red allele is recessive to the white
allele.
D. The red allele is dominant to the
white allele.
38
In fish of the species Perissodus microlepis, some
individuals have mouths that open to the right
and some individuals have mouths that open to
the left. The direction of the mouth opening is a
genetic trait controlled by a single gene. The
allele for a right-opening mouth (R) is dominant
to the allele for a left-opening mouth (r).
If two fish heterozygous for the mouth trait are
crossed, what is the expected ratio of
phenotypes in the offspring?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1 right-opening mouth : 3 left-opening mouth
2 right-opening mouth : 2 left-opening mouth
3 right-opening mouth : 1 left-opening mouth
4 right-opening mouth : 0 left-opening mouth
39
Garden pea plants can have
yellow seeds or green seeds. In a
pea plant that is heterozygous for
seed color, the allele for yellow
seeds masks the effects of the allele
for green seeds.
Which of the following terms best
describes the allele for yellow
seeds?
A. Codominant
B. Dominant
C.Recessive
D. sex-linked
40
Which of the following crosses does not
follow Mendel’s law of segregation?
A.Two tall pea plants (Tt × Tt) are expected
to produce some tall offspring plants.
B. Two tall pea plants (Tt × Tt) are expected
to produce some short offspring plants.
C. A tall pea plant and a short pea plant
(Tt × tt) are expected to produce all tall
offspring plants.
D.A tall pea plant and a short pea plant
(TT × tt) are expected to produce all tall
offspring plants.
41
In humans, freckles are encoded by a
dominant allele. An individual woman is
heterozygous for freckles.
According to the law of segregation, which of
the following would apply to a child of this
woman?
A. The child must inherit the dominant allele
for freckles.
B. The child must inherit the recessive allele for
freckles.
C. The child has an equal chance of inheriting
the dominant allele or the recessive allele for
freckles from her mother.
D. The child has a greater chance of inheriting
the dominant allele than the recessive allele
for freckles from her mother.
42
An inherited metabolic disorder
called phenylketonuria (PKU) can
result in serious problems in infancy.
The chance that two parents who
are heterozygous will have a child
with PKU is 25% .Which of the
following terms best applies to the
inheritance pattern for PKU?
A. Codominant
B. Dominant
C.Recessive
D. sex-linked
43
Two chromosome pairs from a diploid
organism are shown below.
Assuming meiosis and fertilization occur
normally, which of the following pairs of alleles
can an offspring receive from this parent?
A. A and A
B. A and a
C. A and f
D. F and F
44
Mitosis
vs.
Meiosis