Phonation
Dr. Chuck Neufeld
Lander University
Phonation
•Vocal Anatomy
•Phonation Theories
•Characteristics of Good
Vocal Sound
Vocal Anatomy
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Laryngeal Functions
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Laryngeal Functions
Valve
Sound Producer
Vocal Anatomy
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Laryngeal Functions
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Lateral View
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Note: Arytenoid and Corniculate cartilages are faint,
because they are behind the outer shell of the
Thyroid cartilage.
Anterior (Front) View
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Rear View
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Anterior (Front) View
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Sagital (Side, Cut Away) View
Thyroid Cartilage
Houses Vocal Cords
Also Known as Adam’s Apple
Four Cornu (horns)
 Superior Cornu (2) Attach to Hyoid
Bone
 Inferior Cornu (2)
Attach to Cricoid Cartilage
Form Articulation Joint for Rocking
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Sits on Top of Highest Cartilage in
Trachea
Joined to Trachea With a Ligament
Makes Complete Circle of Cartilage
Upper Surface of Back Wall
 Point of Articulation for Arytenoids
 Arytenoids Slide on Surface
Front Joined to Thyroid Cartilage by
Cricothyroid Ligament
Arytenoid Cartilages (2)
Sit on Top of Cricoid Cartilage
Three Prongs
 One Projects Forward (Vocal Process-Attaches to Vocal Cords)
 One Projects Sideways (Muscular
Process--Attaches to Interarytenoid
Muscles)
 One Projects Upward (Apex--Fused to
Corniculate Cartilage)
Corniculate Cartilages (2)
Look Like Horns (Cornu)
Also Named Cartilage of Santorini
Fused to Apex of Arytenoid Cartilages
Cricoid, Arytenoid, and
Corniculate Cartilages
Epiglottis
Leaf-Shaped Cartilage
Assists Valving Function of Larynx
Attached by Ligament to Inside Surface
of Thyroid Cartilage
Extends Upward to Hyoid Bone and Base
of Tongue
During Swallowing
 Pulls Toward Back of Throat
 Moves Down Over Opening
 Keeps Food Out of Trachea
Vocal Anatomy
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Laryngeal Functions
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Hyoid Bone
 U-Shaped
Bone
 Attaches to Base of Tongue
 Opens Toward Back of Throat
 Above Larynx and Cricoid Cartilage
Hyoid Bone
Vocal Anatomy
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Laryngeal Functions
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF LARYNX
• Have Both Ends--Origin and
Insertion--Inside the Larynx
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF LARYNX
• Seven Intrinsic Muscles
Thyroarytenoid Muscles
Cricothyroid Muscles
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles
Transverse and Oblique Arytenoid Muscles
(Interarytenoids)
• Aryepiglottic Folds
• Thryohhyoid Muscles
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INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF LARYNX
Cricothyroids (CT)
Posterior Cricoarytenoids (P)
Lateral Cricoarytenoids(LCA)
Transverse Arytenoids (TA)
Oblique Arytenoids(OA)
Internal Thyroarytenoids (ITA)
External Thyroarytenoids (ETA)
CT
P
TA
LCA
OA
CT
ITA
ETA
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF LARYNX
• Seven Intrinsic Muscles
Thyroarytenoid Muscles
Cricothyroid Muscles
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles
Transverse and Oblique Arytenoid Muscles
(Interarytenoids)
• Aryepiglottic Folds
• Thryohhyoid Muscles
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Vocal Anatomy
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Laryngeal Functions
Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Three Kinds of Extrinsic
Laryngeal Muscles
 Supralaryngeal
Muscles
 Infralaryngeal Muscles
 Constrictor Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
 Supralaryngeal
Tend
Muscles
to Pull Up on Larynx
Help Stabilize Laryngeal Position
Active in Swallowing, Chewing,
Articulation
Swallowing is Inherently Antagonistic
to Phonation
Sizeable Number of Muscles
(Geniohyoid, Hyoglossus, Mylohyoid)
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
 Infralaryngeal
Tend
Muscles
to Pull Down on the Larynx and
Hyoid Bone
Help Stabilize Laryngeal Position
Known as “Yawning” Muscles
Sizeable Number of Muscles
(Sternothyroid, Omohyoid,
Sternohyoid)
Prominent Role in Laryngeal
Stabilization During Phonation
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
 Constrictor
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Muscles
Line Throat
Assist in Swallowing (Peristolsis)
Upper, Middle, and Lower
Reduce the Size of the the Throat
Create Tension in Laryngeal Area
Lower Constrictors Merge with Two Laryngeal
Muscles:
Thryopharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus
Phonation
•Vocal Anatomy
•Phonation Theories
•Characteristics of Good
Vocal Sound
Phonation Theories
One Old Theory: Neurochronaxic Theory
of Husson
Assigned Glottal Closure to Chronaxy of
the Recurrent Nerve
Discredited
Nerves Cannot Fire With High Enough
Degree of Rapidity to Support Phonation
Phonation Theories
Two Major Modern Theories
Myoelastic Theory
Cords Remain Closed Until
Pressure Pushes Them Apart
Allows Air to Escape
Reduces Pressure
Muscle Tension Pulls Cords Back
Together
Phonation Theories
Aerodynamic Theory
Breath Flows Through Glottis
Arytenoid Cartilages Approximate
Due to Interarytenoid Muscles
Bernoulli’s Principle Applies
Cords Vibrate Due to Changes in
Air Pressure
Phonation Theories
Myoelastic Theory Assigns Glottal
Closure to Muscle Tension
Aerodynamic Theory Assigns Glottal
Closure to Bernoulli Principle
BOTH Theories Apply (see Van den
Berg)
Phonation Theories
Vocalis Vibrates in
Mucosal Wave
Pattern
Anterior (front) view
Phonation
•Vocal Anatomy
•Phonation Theories
•Characteristics of Good
Vocal Sound
Characteristics of Good
Vocal Sound
Can you list the qualities of good
sound?