Animal & Plant Cell
Cell structure and
organization
Living organisms are made up of cells
• All animal and plant cells have a nucleus
Except Red Blood Cells do not have nucleus
In animals and plants:
- Cytoplasm:
- 70% water
- dissolved protein and other chemicals that are used for
metabolic reactions
- Membrane:
- controls what goes in and out
- partially permeable (lets some substances in and out)
- strong / flexiable
- Nucleus:
- DNA ( 1 long strand of DNA = chromosome)
- Chromosomes are easy to see when cells divide
- DNA:
- determines the characteristics of the organism
- controls all activity in the cell
Nuclear pore
Liver cell under light microscope
Liver cell
Cell Membrane
Vesicles
Ribosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Function of organelles
• Nucleus – controls / directs cell activity
• Nucleolus – condensed DNA
• Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration / formation
of ATP
• Ribosome – site of protein synthesis
(free = for internal)
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – site of protein
synthesis (exported out of cell) *w/ ribosome
• Lysosome – membrane bound organelles that
contain enzymes
• Golgi Apparatus – site of synthesis of chemicals
required for the cell that are packaged and bud off
in vesicles
Plant Cell
Lamella
Plant cell under light microscope
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Lamella
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Organelle functions
• *Cell Wall (not an organelle):
- Rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane.
-Protecting the cell to regulating the life cycle of the plant organism.
-Made of cellulose (a polysaccharide) / arranged in bundles called
microfibrls.
- Helps prevent the cell membrane from bursting by maintaining high
internal pressure due to water uptake.
• Chloroplast – Specialized organelle that carries out photosynthesis
due to a pigment called chlorophyll (gives cells a green color)
• Plasmodesmata - Small tubes that connect plant cells to each
other, providing living bridges between cells.
• Plasma Membrane - Regulate the passage of molecules in and out
of the cells.
• Lamella – Junction between cells
• Vacuole – large fluid filled space that provide structural support, as
well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal,
protection, and growth.
• Cell Sap: liquid inside the vacuole
Structure
*Seen under light
Microscope only
Found
in
Animal
Cell
Found
in
Plant
cell
Function of Structure
cytoplasm
yes
yes
Dissolves proteins/ other nutrients for
metabolic reactions
nucleus
yes
yes
Controls activities of cell and contains
DNA
Cell membrane
yes
yes
Controls what enters and exits the cell.
Surrounds and protects organelles and
cells contents
Cell wall
no
yes
Made of cellulose – protects cell
membrane from bursting
chloroplast
no
yes
Involved in photosynthesis – converts
sunlight to metabolic energy
vacuole
no
yes
Store nutrients and water / waste –
contains cell sap
Organ system in plants – the leaf
Structure / Function
Structure
Function
Palisade / spongy
Mesophyll
Make sugar from photosynthesis. Spongy cells – have
space for gas exchange / Palisade cells – long to
maximize surface area for light exposure
xylem
Brings water and mineral from roots to the paliades and
spongy cells
phloem
Carrie sugar made from leaves to other parts of the plant
Epidermis
Top / bottom layers of cells that allows sunlight to come
through but stops water vapor from leaving the leaf to
stop it from drying out.
Stomata
Small opening on the lower epidermis that allows gases
to move in and out of cells