MENDEL´S LAWS
Výukový materiál GE 02 - 40
Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková
Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
TERCIE 2014
MENDEL´S LAWS
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founder of the science of heredity:
Johann Gregor Mendel
a Moravian priest
he published results of his experiments with
pea crossing in 1865 in Brno
the result of Mendel´s experiment:
some „elements"
are responsible for a particular property, the
character of the organism (eg. flower colour)
MENDEL´S LAWS
in 1865 he talked about their attempts
to „Experiments on Plant
Hybridization“ in Brno
 lecture remained misunderstood and
did not raise a larger response
 result of his research was recognized
only 40 years later
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MENDEL´S LAWS
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elements are transmitted through sexual cells
he called these elements endowments
nowadays they are called genes
at the birth of every individual combine the talents
of male and female origin are combined
all together determine the shape of a feature
through the combination of genetic information of
two individuals arises original set of information for
the growth of a new individual
MENDEL´S LAWS
gene = endowment:
 information about the formation of
certain features of organisms
 allele:
 particular shape of a gene
 gene may have 1,2 or more alleles
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GENES
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genotype:
set of all alleles in a cell
genome:
set of all genes of a particular organism
phenotype:
is the external manifestation of the genotype
set of all features of the organism
form a specific shape of features (flower colour,
stature)
1st MENDEL´S LAW
of uniformity F1 generation
crossing of a dominant and a recessive homozygot
parents
gametes:
posterity
AA
P:
F1:
x
A
A
Aa
Aa
aa
a
Aa
a
Aa
MENDEL´S LAWS
crossing of identical homozygotes
parents
A
gametes:
posterity
AA
P:
F1:
AA
x
A
AA
AA
A
AA
A
AA
2nd MENDEL´S LAW
of heterogeneity F2 generation
crossing two heterozygotes
parents
A
gametes:
posterity
Aa
P:
F1:
AA
phenotypic splitting ratio
genotypic splitting ratio
x
a
Aa
Aa
A
Aa
a
aa
3:1
AA : Aa : aa
1 : 2 : 1
MENDEL´S LAWS
crossing a homozygote and a heterozygote
parents
A
gametes:
posterity
Aa
P:
F1:
Aa
x
a a
Aa
aa
a
aa
aa
aa
posterity is splitting in the relation 1 : 1.
so called backcrossing is used to determine the
genotype of an individual with a dominant form
of character
MENDEL´S LAWS
to simplify the notation can be used so called
combination squares
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gamety
A
a
A
AA
Aa
a
Aa
aa
possible
genotypes
WORKSHEET
indicate the possible genotypes :1) crossing of two different homozygotes
2) crossing of two identical homozygotes
3) crossing of two heterozygotes
gamety
SOURCES
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HANČOVÁ, Hana. Biologie v kostce 1: Obecná biologie.
Mikrobiologie. Botanika. Mykologie. Ekologie. Genetika. 2. vyd.
Havlíčkův Brod: Fragment, 1999, 112 s. ISBN 80-720-0340-2.
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DOBRORUKA, Luděk J. Přírodopis: Obecná biologie.
Mikrobiologie. Botanika. Mykologie. Ekologie. Genetika. 1. vyd.
.
Praha: Scientia, 2000, 159 s. ISBN 80-718-3167-0