Thursday 3 - 4
Room PE 1
YOUR COURSE........
 TUFC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Sport
(Performance & Excellence) 1st years.
 Period 1 & 2 Wednesday – Room 37
 Period 3 Wednesday – Room EM 21
 Period 4 Wednesday – Catch up lesson.
Today’s lesson...........
 Get familiar with the Anatomy & Physiology unit
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(assignment 1).
Start P1 criteria for assignment 1 – The Structure of the
Skeleton.
Types of bone.
Regions of the vertebrae.
The functions of the skeleton.
WHAT BONES DO YOU KNOW!!
 In pairs / 3’s write down all the bones you know.
 Add where they are located in the body.
 Check now if you are RIGHT!!!!
 Pay particular care to the spelling.
Anterior view of skeleton
Posterior view of the skeleton
The skeleton can be divided into 2
main parts.
 The axial skeleton - The axial skeleton is made up of
the skull, vertebral column, ribs and the sternum.
 The appendicular skeleton - The appendicular
skeleton is made up of the arms, shoulder girdle, legs
and hip girdle.
TYPES OF BONES
 Complete Worksheet 1F: Bones on your own.
 Research each type of bone and write their function
and give an example of each.
 From this highlight your examples on the skeleton.
The Vertebrae
Column
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
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The skeleton is made up of 206 bones of different shapes and sizes and has a variety of different functions.
Outlined below are a number of these functions.
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Support
The skeleton provides shape and support for the organs and tissues of the body. Without this support they
would collapse under their own weight.
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Protection
The skeleton provides protection for internal organs. For example the cranium protects the brain, the
sternum together with the ribs form a cage to protect the heart and lungs and the pelvic girdle protects the
reproductive system and lower abdominal cavity.
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Movement
The skeleton provides a large surface area for muscle attachment and so allows movement with the bones
acting as levers.
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Red and white blood cell production
Both red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow cavities of larger bones.
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Storage of fats and minerals
The skeleton serves as a storage area for minerals such as calcium and fats required for body functions.
JOINTS
 A joint is a site in the body where two or more bones
come together. Generally the closer the bones fit
together, the stronger the joint. Tightly fitted joints
restrict movement; loosely fitted joints have greater
movement but are often prone to dislocation.
 Joints can be classified in two ways according to their
function and their structure.
JOINTS
Functional classification is based upon the amount of
movement available and structural classification is
based on the presence / absence of a synovial cavity (a
space between the articulating bones) and the kind of
tissue that bonds the bones together.
 Fixed or fibrous joints
 A fibrous joint has no movement at all. There is no
joint cavity and the bones are held together by tough
fibrous tissue. Examples are sutures in the s
Slightly moveable or cartilaginous
joints
 A cartilaginous joint allows some slight movement.
The ends of bones, which are covered in articular or
hyaline cartilage are separated by pads of
fibrocartilage. In addition the pads of cartilage act as
shock absorbers. Examples include the vertebrae.
Freely moveable or synovial joints
 A synovial joint is a freely movable joint and is
characterised by the presence of a synovial cavity. The
synovial joint is the most commonly occurring type of
joint in the body. The bony surfaces, covered by
articular cartilage, are separated by a joint cavity and
enclosed by a fibrous capsule lined by a synovial
membrane. Examples include the knee, hip and ankle
joint.
Joints
 Structures common to synovial joints
 The table below outlines a number of structures that
are common to all synovial joints.
Structure
Function
Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline / articular cartilage covers the ends of the
articulating bone. It smoothes and facilitates
gliding movements between the bone ends
Joint / articular capsule
This is a fibrous tissue encasing the joint, forming a
capsule
Ligaments
Ligaments are white fibrous connective tissue,
joining bone to bone. They restrict the amount of
movement that can occur at the joint
Synovial membrane
The synovial membrane acts as a lining to the joint
capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid fills the joint capsule; it nourishes
and lubricates the articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Pads of fat
Pads of fat act as buffers to protect the bones from
wear and tear
Types of movement
Movement
Definition
Flexion
Reducing the angle at a joint or bending a limb. For example bending the arm at the elbow.
Extension
Increasing the angle at a joint or straightening a limb. For example straightening the arm at the
elbow.
Abduction
The sideways movement of a limb away from the mid line of the body. For example raising the
arm out to the side.
Adduction
Bringing a limb towards or across the mid line of the body. For example lowering the arm on a
lateral raise.
Circumduction
When the end of the bone moves in a circle. For example the serve action of a tennis player.
Rotation
A turning movement, when a limb rotates about its own axis. For example turning your head to
the side.
Pronation
When the palm of the hand faces downwards.
Supernation
When the palm of the hand faces upwards.
Plantar flexion
Extending the foot downwards or pointing the toes.
Dorsi flexion
Pulling the toes upwards toward the shin.
Inversion
At the ankle when the sole of the foot is turned inwards.
Eversion
At the ankle when the sole of the foot is turned outwards.
Hyper-extension
When joints are extended excessively in the opposite direction to flexing the joint. This is evident
in some gymnastic and diving routines. For example, lifting the chest off the floor when lying on
front.
A typical synovial joint
Different types of synovial joints
and their movement range
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Type of synovial joint
Range of movement and examples
Hinge joint
The hinge joint allows movement in only one direction due to the shape of the bones and
the strong ligaments which prevent side to side movement. Examples of hinge joints are
the knee, elbow and ankle.
Ball and socket joint
A ball like head fits into a cup shaped socket. This joint allows a wide range of movement.
The hip and shoulder are examples.
Pivot joint
The pivot joint allows only rotation. An example is the joint which allows us to turn our
heads from side to side (between the atlas and axis vertebrae), and the joint, which allows
us to turn our hand over and back (radioulna joint below the elbow).
Gliding joint
The gliding joint occurs where two bones with flat surfaces slide on each other, but are
restricted to limited movement by the ligaments. Such joints are found between the
small bones of the hand (carpals).
Anterior muscles of the body
Posterior muscle of the body
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
 In isometric contraction, the muscle remains the same
length. An example would be holding an object up without
moving it; the muscular force precisely matches the load,
and no movement results.
 In isotonic concentric contraction, the tension in the
muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle
length (shortens). This can occur only when a muscle's
maximal force of contraction exceeds the total load on the
muscle.
 In isotonic eccentric contraction, the muscle elongates
(straightens/ gets longer) while under tension due to an
opposing force being greater than the force generated by
the muscle.