Chemical Foundations:
Elements, Atoms, and Ions
Adapted from www.chemistrygeek.com
The Elements
– Pure substances that cannot be broken apart by a
chemical reaction
– All elements are listed on the Periodic Table
Aluminum
Sodium
Bromine
Elements and Symbols
• You are responsible for knowing the element
names and symbols for the 44 elements listed
on page _____ of your Chapter 1 Packet.
• Single letter symbols (ex. H, C, O) are always
capitalized!
• Two letter symbols (ex. Fe, Ca, Zn) have the
first letter capitalized and the second letter is
lower case
Symbol Variations
• Symbol is the first letter of the name
– Carbon (C), Boron (B), Nitrogen (N)
• Symbol is the first two letters of the name
• Calcium (Ca), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar)
• Symbol is the first and third letter of the name
– Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Chlorine (Cl)
• Symbol is based on the Latin name
– See chart on next slide
Elements with Symbols based
on Latin Names
English Name
Latin Name
Symbol
Antimony
Stibium
Sb
Copper
Cuprum
Cu
Gold
Aurum
Au
Iron
Ferrum
Fe
Lead
Plumbum
Pb
Mercury
Hydrargyrum
Hg
Potassium
Kalium
K
Silver
Argentum
Ag
Sodium
Natrium
Na
Tin
Stannum
Sn
Tungsten
Wolfram
W
Learning Check
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
1) C
2) Ca
3) CA
B. Sulfur
1) S
C. Iron
1) Ir
2) Sl
3) Su
2) FE
3) Fe
LecturePLUS Timberlake
6
Learning Check
Select the correct name for each:
A. N
1) neon 2) nitrogen
3) nickel
B.P
1) Potassium 2)phogiston 3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver 2) agean 3) gold
LecturePLUS Timberlake
7
And now this…
• The NEW Periodic Table Video
• Meet the Elements
The Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)
Periods in the Periodic Table
•Periods are the ROWS on the Periodic Table
•There are 7 rows on the Periodic Table
•H and He are in Row #1
Groups in the Periodic Table
•Columns on the Periodic Table are called Groups
•Elements in groups react in similar ways
•Main Group Elements are labeled with an “A”
•Transition Metals are labeled with a “B”
Group Names
Red – Alkali Metals (1A)
Orange – Alkaline Earth Metals (2A)
Yellow – Boron Group (3A)
Green – Carbon Group (4A)
Sea Green – Nitrogen Group (5A)
Light Blue – Oxygen Group (6A)
White - Transition Metals (Upper Middle Section)
Dark Blue – Halogens (7A)
Inner Transition Metals (Lower 2 Rows)
Purple – Noble Gases (8A)
Learning Check
A. Element in Group 7A, period 4
1) Br
2) Cl
3) Mn
B. Element in Group 2A, Period 3
1) beryllium
2) magnesium
C. Metals in Group 4A
1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si
3) boron
3) C, Si, Ge, Sn
D. Nonmetals in Group 5A
1) As, Sb, Bi
2) N, P, As
LecturePLUS Timberlake
3) N, P,13As, Sb
Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids
Metals
•
•
•
•
Good conductors of heat and electricity
High Luster (Shiny)
All solids (except Mercury)
Malleable (can hammer into thin sheets/foils)
and Ductile (can be pulled into wires)
Non-metals
•
•
•
•
Non-conductors (Insulators)
Dull
Can be solids, liquids or gases
Brittle
Metalloids
• Exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals
• Semi-Conductors
– Conductors at high temperatures, insulators at low
temperatures
Learning Check
Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for
each:
A. sulfur
____
B. Chlorine
____
C. sodium
____
D. iron
____
E. carbon
____
F. silver
____
LecturePLUS Timberlake
18
Learning Check
Select the correct elements:
A. Metals in Group 4A
1) Ge, Sn, Pb
2) C, Si
3) C, Si, Ge, Sn
B. Nonmetals in Group 5A
1) As, Sb, Bi
2) N, P, As
3) N, P, As, Sb
LecturePLUS Timberlake
19
The Atom
An atom consists of a
• nucleus
–(of protons and neutrons)
• electrons in space about the nucleus.
Electron cloud
Nucleus
• An _____ is the smallest particle of
an element that has the chemical
properties of the element.
Copper
atoms on
silica
surface.
Distance across = 1.8 nanometer (1.8 x 10-9 m)
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
John Dalton proposed an atomic theory (1808)
While this theory was not completely correct, it
revolutionized how chemists looked at
matter and brought about chemistry as we
know it today instead of alchemy
Thus, it’s an important landmark in the history
of science.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Summary
1. matter is composed, indivisible particles
(atoms)
2. all atoms of a particular element are
identical
3. different elements have different atoms
4. atoms combine in certain whole-number
ratios
5. In a chemical reaction, atoms are merely
rearranged to form new compounds; they
are not created, destroyed, or changed into
atoms of any other elements.
Problems with Dalton’s Atomic Theory?
1. matter is composed, indivisible particles
Atoms Can Be Divided, but only in a nuclear
reaction
2. all atoms of a particular element are identical
Does Not Account for Isotopes (atoms of the same
element but a different mass due to a different
number of neutrons)!
3. different elements have different atoms
YES!
4. atoms combine in certain whole-number ratios
YES! Called the Law of Definite Proportions
5. In a chemical reaction, atoms are merely rearranged
to form new compounds; they are not created,
destroyed, or changed into atoms of any other
elements.
Yes, except for nuclear reactions that can change
atoms of one element to a different element
Plum Pudding Model
• Proposed by William
Thomson (Lord
Kelvin) (1890)
• Atom is a cloud of
positive charge
(pudding)
• Electrons scattered
throughout (raisins)
The modern view of the atom was
developed by Ernest Rutherford (1911).
Rutherford’s experiment.
Results of
foil
experiment
if Plum
Pudding
model had
been
correct.
What Actually Happened
ATOM
COMPOSITION
The atom is mostly
empty space
•protons and neutrons in
the nucleus.
•the number of electrons is equal to the
number of protons.
•electrons in space around the nucleus.
•extremely small. One teaspoon of water has
3 times as many atoms as the Atlantic Ocean
has teaspoons of water.
ATOMIC COMPOSITION
• Protons (p+)
– + electrical charge
– mass = 1.672623 x 10-24 g
– relative mass = 1.007 atomic
mass units (amu) but we can round to 1
• Electrons (e-)
–
negative electrical charge
– relative mass = 0.0005 amu
but we can round to 0
• Neutrons (no)
no electrical charge
– mass = 1.009 amu but we can round to 1
–
Quarks
• What are Quarks?
Atomic Number, Z
All atoms of the same element
have the same number of
protons in the nucleus, Z
13
Al
26.981
Atomic number
Atom symbol
AVERAGE Atomic Mass
Mass Number, A
• Carbon-12 atom with 6 protons and 6
neutrons is the mass standard
• = 12 atomic mass units
• Mass Number
• (A) = # protons + # neutrons
• NOT on the periodic table…(it is the
AVERAGE atomic mass on the table)
• A boron atom can have
A•
10
Z
5
B
A = 5 p + 5 n = 10 amu
Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element (same Z)
but different mass number (A).
• Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n
• Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n
11B
10B
Figure 3.10: Two isotopes of
sodium.
Isotopes &
Their Uses
Bone scans with
radioactive
technetium-99.
Isotopes & Their Uses
The tritium content of ground water is
used to discover the source of the water,
for example, in municipal water or the
source of the steam from a volcano.
Isotopic Symbols
 Show the name of the element, a hyphen, and
the mass number in hyphen notation
sodium-23
 Show the mass number and atomic number
in nuclear symbol form
mass number
23 Na
atomic number
11
Isotopes?
Which of the following represent
isotopes of the same element?
Which element?
234
92
X
234
93
X
235
92
X
238
92
X
Counting Protons, Neutrons,
and Electrons
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Protons:
Atomic Number (from periodic table)
Identifies element
Neutrons:
Mass Number – Atomic Number
Isotopes vary based on this number
Electrons:
In a neutral atom, electrons = protons
Removing or adding electrons form an ion
Responsible for bonding behavior
Learning Check – Counting
Naturally occurring carbon consists of three
isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of
these carbon atoms.
12C
6
13C
6
14C
6
#p+ _______
_______
_______
#no _______
_______
_______
#e- _______
_______
_______
Answers
12C
13C
14C
6
6
#p+ 6
6
6
#no 6
7
8
#e- 6
6
6
6
Learning Check
An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons.
A. Its atomic number is
1) 14
2) 16
3) 34
B. Its mass number is
1) 14
2) 16
3) 34
C. The element is
1) Si
2) Ca
3) Se
D. Another isotope of this element is
1) 34X
2) 34X
3) 36X
16
14
14
AVERAGE
ATOMIC
MASS
11B
10B
• Because of the existence of isotopes, the
mass of a collection of atoms has an average
value.
• Boron is 20% 10B and 80% 11B. That is, 11B is
80 percent abundant on earth.
• For boron atomic weight
= 0.20 (10 amu) + 0.80 (11 amu) = 10.8 amu
Isotopes & Average Atomic Mass
• AVG Atomic Mass =
(Isotope 1 Mass x Isotope 1 Abundance) +
(Isotope 2 Mass x Isotope 2 Abundance) …
• 6Li = 7.5% abundant and 7Li = 92.5%
–Avg. Atomic mass of Li = ______________
•
28Si
= 92.23%, 29Si = 4.67%, 30Si = 3.10%
–Avg. Atomic mass of Si = ______________
IONS
• IONS are atoms or groups of atoms with a
positive or negative charge.
• Taking away an electron from an atom gives a
CATION with a positive charge
• Adding an electron to an atom gives an
ANION with a negative charge.
• To tell the difference between an atom and an
ion, look to see if there is a charge in the
superscript! Examples: Na+ Ca+2 I- O-2
Na
Ca
I
O
Forming Cations & Anions
A CATION forms
when an atom
loses one or
more electrons.
Mg -->
Mg2+
+ 2 e-
An ANION forms
when an atom
gains one or
more electrons
F + e- --> F-
PREDICTING ION CHARGES
In general
• metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations
• nonmetals (F) gain electrons ---> anions
Learning Check – Counting
State the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in each of these ions.
39
K+
19
16O -2
41Ca +2
8
20
#p+ ______
______
_______
#no ______
______
_______
#e- ______
______
_______
One Last Learning Check
Write the nuclear symbol form for the
following atoms or ions:
A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e-
___________
B. 17p+, 20n, 17e-
___________
C. 47p+, 60 n, 46 e-
___________
Charges on Common Ions
-3 -2 -1
+1
+2
By losing or gaining e-, atom has same
number of e-’s as nearest Group 8A atom.
Natural States and Elements
•
•
Most elements are very reactive.
Elements are not generally found in
uncombined form.
 Exceptions are:
» Noble metals – gold, platinum and
silver
» Noble gases – Group 8
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Section 4.9
Natural States and Elements
Diatomic Molecules
•
Nitrogen gas contains N2
molecules.
• Oxygen gas contains O2
molecules.
Section 4.9
Natural States and Elements
Diatomic Molecules
Nonmetals
Liquid
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Fluorine
Graphite
Selenium
Chlorine
Bromine
Sulfur
Section 4.9
Natural States and Elements
•
•
Carbon
Allotropes
Different forms of a given element.
Example:
 Solid carbon occurs in three forms.
» Diamond
» Graphite
» Buckminsterfullerene