Name:
Criminal Law – Affirmative Action Precedence Research
*Come up with a summary of each of the important events in the evolution of
affirmative action for use in a class debate.
1) Executive Order 10925 makes the first reference to "affirmative action"
(March 6th, 1961)
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2) Civil Rights Act (July 2nd 1964) signed by President Lyndon Johnson
(lookup President Johnson’s speech at Howard University, June 4th 1965)
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3) Executive Order 11246 enforces affirmative action for the first time (Sep
24th 1965)
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4) The Philadelphia Order, President Nixon (1969)
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5) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (June 28th 1978)
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6) Fullilove v. Klutznick (July 2nd 1980)
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7) Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education (May 19th 1986)
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8) United States v. Paradise (February 25th 1987)
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9) City of Richmond v. Croson (January 23rd 1989)
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10) Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña (June 12th 1995)
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11) White House guidelines on affirmative action, President Clinton White
House Memo (July 19th 1995)
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12) Hopwood v. University of Texas Law School (March 18th 1996)
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13) Proposition 209 enacted in California (November 3rd 1997)
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14) Initiative 200 enacted in Washington State (Dec 3rd 1998)
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15) Florida bans race as factor in college admissions, “One Florida” (Feb 22nd
2000)
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16) University of Michigan’s undergrad affirmative action policy, Gratz v.
Bollinger (Dec 13th 2000)
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17) Univ. of Michigan Law School's affirmative action policy, Grutter v.
Bollinger (March 27th 2001), Supreme Court Decision (June 23rd 2003)
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18) Supreme Court Rules Against Considering Race to Integrate Schools,
Parents v. Seattle and Meredith v. Jefferson (June 28th 2006)
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19) Ballot Measure to Ban Affirmative Action Goes Before Voters, Nebraska
and Colorado (November 4th, 2008)
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20) Ricci v. DeStefano, Firefighters Go to Court (June 29th 2009)
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