BIOS 1710
SI WORKSHEET 7
SI Leader: Helene Shai
16 September 2014
Chapter 39: Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory System (con’t)
EXAM 1 REVIEW
1. Explain why “fish have it tough”
2. What are tracheae?
3. Explain the insect tracheal system
4. Explain how humans ventilate their lungs
5. Explain the negative pressure inside the lungs
6. Describe inhalation
7. Describe exhalation
8. Explain tidal volume. Draw the graph that correlates, and explain what this is like in
comparison to maximum lung capacity.
9. Explain the anatomy of the human lung- what are the different parts, and how do
they function individually and together?
10. Explain the four steps of bird lung ventilation
11. For birds, what direction(s) does air flow through the lung?
12. Describe the homeostasis in breathing
13. Explain the mechanisms that are used to control breathing
14. Draw/detail the structures of hemoglobin and myoglobin
15. What does hemoglobin consist of?
16. What is a heme group?
17. What does myoglobin consist of?
18. What is the purpose of the partial pressure difference of oxygen between the blood
leaving the lungs, and the muscles?
19. What is the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve? Explain what it is used for.
20. Draw and explain the hemoglobin dissociation curve
21. Draw and explain the myoglobin dissociation curve
22. Draw and explain the graph comparing fetal versus adult hemoglobin
23. Explain hemoglobin sensitivity to pH and pressure
24. What is the effect of pH on the dissociation curve?
25. What is the function of a circulatory system?
26. Explain an open circulatory system
27. What is a hemolymph?
28. Explain a closed circulatory system
********EXAM REVIEW********
29. List the different types of nerve cells, and detail their functions
30. Draw what happens at a synapse
31. Draw the K+ Na+ channels/pumps, and explain how the resting membrane potential
system works.
32. Draw and detail an action potential, including specifically the depolarizing and
repolarizing phases.
33. List and detail the major neurotransmitters
34. Compare/Contrast parasympathetic versus sympathetic
35. List and detail the six types of sensory receptors
36. What is transduction?
37. What is olfaction? Draw the process
38. What are the five basic tastes? What occurs with each taste?
39. Explain the stimulation of a hair cell
40. Define the following:
a. Hearing:
b. Sound:
c. Frequency:
d. Pitch:
e. Amplitude
41. Draw and label a picture of the human ear
42. List the three main steps in the process of hearing
a.
b.
c.
43. Draw and detail a cone and a rod. How do they both detect light?
44. What are opsin and rhodopsin?
45. Explain echolocation
46. Draw how light causes retinal to change shape
47. Draw the process of transduction with photoreceptors
48. Draw the compound eye
49. Draw the single lens eye
50. Draw/Detail the anatomy of the human eye
51. Describe each main component of the vertebrate eye
52. Explain how rods and cones work in color vision, and with light
53. Draw, detail, and explain the cellular organization in the retina
54. Explain what role Penfield had in electrical stimulation during brain surgery
55. List and describe the five brain structures
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
56. What is the limbic system? Where is it located? What does it control? What is it
involved with?
57. Draw/Detail the organization of the human brain
58. What is the cerebrum? What connects the two hemispheres?
59. What are the four lobes of the cerebrum, and what are their functions?
a.
b.
c.
d.
60. Draw/Label the topographic map of the brain. What do the different sizes of each
body part signify?
61. How do learning and memory work? What transforms short-term memories into
long-term memories? How?
62. What is synaptic plasticity? Draw and define.
63. What is long-term potentiation? (Where was it discovered, what is it a model for,
where is it found, how is it induced, what does it require, and what does it result in?)
64. Draw/Detail the three muscle types. What is each type used for, and what are the
similarities and differences between the three?
65. Draw/Detail a sarcomere. What does it consist of? Is it randomly connected, or in a
pattern?
66. What occurs when a sarcomere contracts? Draw the image.
67. How do actin and myosin interact?
68. What is the sliding filament theory?
69. Draw/Explain the process of the cross bridge cycle
70. Explain the process of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
71. Why do twitches sum? What is a tetanus?
72. What determines how long a tetanus will last?
73. Explain a single action potential causing a twitch. Draw the correlating graphs.
74. Draw and explain the graph correlating with twitch and fused tetanus contractions.
75. Force depends on _________ and __________ of motor units activated. What is a motor
unit? What effect does size have on this?
76. What is slow twitch skeletal fiber? What does it look like? What type of athletes have
a lot of these fibers, and why?
77. What is fast twitch skeletal muscle? What does it look like? What type of athletes
have a lot of these fibers, and why?
78. Fast or slow twitch? Why?
79. What is a skeleton?
a. Cheetah
b. Antelope
c. Dog
d. Cat
e. Bird/Mammal
f. Lizard
g. Sloth
80. Define exoskeleton. What kinds of animals have this skeleton?
81. Define hydrostatic skeleton. What kinds of animals have this skeleton?
82. Define endoskeleton. What kinds of animals have this skeleton?
83. What are the two types of vertebrate endoskeleton?
84. What makes bones?
85. What are osteoblasts?
86. What does cartilage do?
87. Define the ball-and-socket joint:
88. Define the hinge joint:
89. Explain endochondral ossification
90. What is compact bone?
91. What is spongy bone?
92. What is bone marrow?
93. What do osteoclasts do?
94. Why do we breathe?
95. What is Fick’s Law? What does it describe?
96. What are the factors that allow for diffusion to be the greatest?
97. What is partial pressure? How do you calculate it?
98. Explain ventilation
99. Explain gas exchange
100.
Explain circulation
101.
Explain cellular respiration
102.
What is a gill?
103.
What are external gills? What is the problem with external gills?
104.
What is the operculum?
105.
Explain the countercurrent exchange system
106.
Explain the concurrent exchange system
Clicker Questions
107.
108.
109.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following statements is false?
Axons are usually longer than dendrites
Dendrites generally conduct information towards the soma
Information is received on dendrites, but rarely on axons or the soma
None, all of the above are true
Assume Ek=-85 mV and Ena=+68 mV
a. If the cell were permeable only to K, the resting potential would be -85 mV
b. If the cell were permeable only to Na, the resting potential would be +68 mV
c. Neither 1 nor 2 are true. The resting potential will always be somewhere in
between -85 and +68
d. Both 1 and 2 are true
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Regarding the action potential, which statement is false?
During the depolarizing
phase Na channels are open
During the repolarization phase K channels are open
Before the hyperpolarizing phase peak, K channels are open
During the hyperpolarizing and repolarizing phases Na channels are closed
None, All are true
110.
If a scientist uses electrodes to initiate action potentials simultaneously at
the beginning and the end of the axon, what happens when the action potentials
meet in the middle?
a. They will pass through each other like water waves and continue unaffected
b. They will annihilate each other
c. They won’t meet in the middle because action potentials can only travel away
from the soma
111.
In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), the myelin surrounding the axons
degenerates. What are the effects of this loss of myelination?
a. Action potentials would spread down the axon more slowly
b. Action potentials would spread down the axon more quickly
c. Action potentials would spread down the axon more slowly because voltagegated ion channels would open more slowly
d. Action potentials would spread down the axon more quickly because voltagegated ion channels would open more quickly
112.
Suppose calcium were eliminated from the extracellular solution. What
effect would this have on synaptic transmission?
a. It would stop synaptic transmission
b. It would have no effect on synaptic transmission
c. It would speed up synaptic transmission
d. It would slow synaptic transmission
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
a.
b.
c.
d.
An EPSP initiated on a dendrite 500 mm from the soma will:
Be too far away to contribute to summation
Decay considerably in amplitude before it reaches the soma
Decay negligibly in amplitude before it reaches the soma
Initiate an action potential in the dendrites
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Parasympathetic activation includes all of the following except:
Slowing of the heart
Stimulation of the gall bladder
Relaxation of the lung bronchi
Constriction of the pupils
All of the above are activated by the parasympathetic system
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
In sensory transduction
The stimulus may open Ion channels, but will never close open channels.
The strength of the stimulus is coded in the size of action potentials
The signal transduced is sent to most of sensory cortex
Stimulus duration is encoded in the width of action potentials
Intensity of the stimulus is coded in the number of action potentials per
second created in response to the stimulus
Which statement about taste is true?
Sweetness is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in food
Sodium ions from foods can directly depolarize certain taste cells
All bitter-tasting compounds have a similar chemical structure
Membrane receptors are involved in detecting different acids
Regarding hair cells, which of the following statements is false:
a. Hair cells depolarize when K channels are opened
b. Hair cells do not produce action potentials
c. Bending the stereocilia can open or close ion channels depending on the
direction in which they are bent
d. Bending the stereocilia towards the kinocilium opens Na channels
e. Hair cells are mechanoreceptors
118.
119.
120.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Near the base of the cochlea, the basilar membrane is…
Narrow and stiff and vibrates in response to high frequency sounds
Wide and stiff and vibrates in response to low frequency sounds
Narrow and stiff and vibrates in response to low frequency sounds
Wide and stiff and vibrates in response to high frequency sounds
More flexible than it is at the apex
A vitamin A deficiency may
a. Cause myopia (become nearsighted)
b. Reduce the ability to see at night (reduce night vision)
c. Cause gene expression resulting in an increase in the number of rods and
cones
d. Both A and B would occur
Which statement is false?
Photoreceptors are absent from a section of the retina
Eye color is determined by the sclera
When eyes are dilated, the iris is relaxed
In humans light must pass through several layers of neurons before reaching
the photoreceptors
e. Both A and B are false
a.
b.
c.
d.
121.
122.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The primary cortical area where the sensation of touch is processed is in the
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Regarding muscle types, which is the true statement?
Smooth muscle is striated
Cardiac muscle cells are unbranched
Skeletal muscle cells are uni-nucleate
Cardiac muscle has intercalated disks between cells with gap junctions
Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle are both under conscious control
123.
A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back
muscles to relax after contraction. Which diagnosis could explain the patient’s
complications?
a. Troponin is not responding to calcium ions in the muscle tissue.
b. The patient is overproducing tropomyosin and troponin
c. Levels of acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft of the muscle cell are too low
d. Calcium uptake is blocked at the sarcoplasmic reticulum
124.
a.
b.
c.
d.
125.
d.
e.
f.
Which statement about fast-twitch and slow twitch muscles is true?
Fast-twitch muscles have more mitochondria then slow-twitch muscles
A higher percentage of slow-twitch muscle is likely to be found in muscles of
weight-lifters
The percentage of fast vs slow-twitch muscle you have is largely determined
by genetics
A and B are both true
A and C are both true
All of the above are true
a.
b.
c.
d.
A ball-and-socket joint:
Has greater range of motion than a hinge joint.
Is less likely to become dislocated than a hinge joint
Has fewer muscles controlling it than a hinge joint
All of the above
a.
b.
c.
126.
127.
Which one of the following statements is true?
Longer sarcomeres can have a greater number of cross-bridge attachments
than shorter sarcomeres
A muscle’s force generating ability decreases as contraction velocity
increases
With flexion, bones get farther apart
Large motor units allow for finely controlled movements
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Cartilage forms much of the embryonic skeleton
b. Cartilage forms growth plates within bones for rapid growth in adolescence
c. Osteoclasts deposit new bone on the outside while osteoblasts remove bone
on the inside
d. None, all of the above are true