MODERN ERA:
1750 - 1914
Industrial Society
FOUNDATIONS OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
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Coal critical to the early industrialization of Britain
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Overseas colonies provided raw materials, capital
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Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel
Widespread use by 1800 meant increased productivity, cheaper prices
Iron and steel also important industries, with continual refinement
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John Kay invented the flying shuttle, 1733
Edmund Cartwright invented a water-driven power loom, 1785
James Watt's steam engine, 1765
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Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and cotton
Colonies also became markets for British manufactured goods
Demand for cheap cotton spurred mechanization of cotton industry
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Abundant, accessible coal reserves in Britain
Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as principal fuel
Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger steel
Transportation improved with steam engines and improved steel
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George Stephenson invented the first steam-powered locomotive, 1815
Steamships began to replace sailing ships in the mid-nineteenth century
Railroads and steamships lowered transportation costs
IMAGES OF INVENTION
INDUSTRIAL CAUSE & EFFECT
SPINNING
<------------------------------------->
WEAVING
(EX: Spinning
Jenny)
+
(EX: Flying
shuttle)
Machines become heavier, thus
Extra power is needed, thus
Watermills, steam engine invented, thus
Emergence of factory system, replacing cottage
industry;
Because production must be concentrated near
the power source, and machines become too
expensive to be owned by workers, thus
Profound social transformations, thus
Urban influx, crowding, unprecedented social
problems thus
Workers organize, government passes laws and
reforms, unions begin to arise
FACTORY SYSTEM
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The factory
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Gradually replaced the putting-out system
Factory system required division of labor
Each worker performed a single task
Work discipline, close supervision
Working conditions often harsh
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Workers lost status
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Not skilled
Just wage earners
Harsh work discipline
Fast pace of work
Frequent accidents
Industrial protest
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Saboteurs
Luddites in England
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Struck against mills and destroyed machines, 1811 and 1816
Weaver rebellions in Germany against power looms
SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
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British industrial monopoly
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1750 to 1800
Forbade immigration of skilled workers
Continental System of Napoleon
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Abolished internal trade barriers in western Europe, sped up process
Belgium, France
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Belgium was first as it most resembled England, closest ports
Germany
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Bismarck sponsored heavy industry, arms, shipping
Built railroads to move German army around, benefiting commerce
Rails required steel, coal
The United States
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Slow to start: few laborers, little capital
Cotton and Textiles began revolution
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British craftsmen started cotton textile industry in New England, 1820s
Southern cotton was going to England, diverted to New England factories
New England most resembled Old England conditions
Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron, armaments, clothing, food production
Rail networks developed in 1860s
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Integrated various regions of United States
Facilitated export markets, development of ports
MAPPING THE REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
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Mass production
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Provided cheaper goods for all classes of society
Eli Whitney
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Henry Ford
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Mass production of interchangeable parts for firearms
Cotton Gin made cotton harvesting, production cheaper
Introduced assembly line
Applied to automobile production
Industrialization
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Expensive
Required large capital investment
Structural Changes of Industry
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Large-scale corporations with investors
Monopolies, trusts, and cartels
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Competitive associations
Vertical organization (Monopoly)
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Horizontal organization (Trusts or cartel)
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One company controls all aspects of production within a single industry
One company dominates whole market
Oil: Drilling, processing, refining, by-products
Owns all industries from manufacturing to marketing of a common product
Most countries distrustful of monopolies although cartels tolerated
POPULATION
GROWTH
The Fruits of Industry
Industrialization raised material standards of living
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Mass production made luxuries into common goods
Better diets and improved sanitation
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Reduced death rate of adults and children
Reduced deaths due to childbirth
Increased life span
Voluntary birth control through contraception
Impact on Population
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Increasing urbanization especially of port cities, industrial cities
DOMESTIC MIGRATION
Industrialization
Drew migrants from countryside to urban centers
Urban problems
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Shoddy houses, fouled air, inadequate water
By late 19th century
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Governments passed legislation to clean up cities
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Passed building codes, built sewer systems
Many Europeans move to America as well
WESTERN INDUSTRY &
FAMILIES
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New social classes created by industrialization
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Captains of industry: a new aristocracy of wealth
Middle class: managers, accountants, new professionals
Working class: unskilled, poorly paid, vulnerable
Dramatic changes to the industrial family
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Sharp distinction between work and family life
Worked long hours outside home
Fathers and Sons
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Gained increased stature, responsibility in industrial age
Middle- and upper-class men were sole providers
Valued self-improvement, discipline, and work ethic
Mothers and daughters
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Opportunities narrowed by industrialization
Working women could not bring children to work in mines or factories
Middle-class women expected to care for home and children
Increased opportunities for women to work in domestic service
Children
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Many children forced to work in industry to contribute to family support
1840s, Parliament began to regulate child labor
1881, primary education became mandatory in England
The Socialist Challenge
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Socialist become the most vocal critics of the problems created by
Industrialization and Capitalism
– Condemned the inequalities created
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
– German Theorists who argued that social problems were an inevitable
result of Capitalism
• Led to the exploitation of the workers
– The Communist Manifesto
• Argued that Capitalism would ultimately collapse
• Socialist Revolution by the proletariat (working class) was inevitable
• Afterwards, Social classes and private property would be done
away with
Effects of Socialism
– Governments persuaded to end abuses of early industrialization
– Trade Unions use their power to strike to create reforms as well
JAPAN & THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
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Meiji Restoration
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US industry, technology amazed, scared Japanese
Warships, weapons showed Japanese vulnerability
Industrialization in Japan
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Promoted by government
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Hired foreign experts to build modern industries
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Created new industries
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Emphasized heavy industry: iron, steel, power
Light industry: clothing followed
Opened technical institutes and universities
Government-owned businesses privatized (zaibatsu)
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First models built by westerners, often abroad
Next models built by Japanese in Japan
Old samurai families frequently bought these industries
Came to dominate transportation, weaponry, electronics
Industrialization fueled trade, imperialism
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Japan had no raw materials, needed to trade
Influenced Japanese desire for colonies, empire
Japan was the most industrialized land in Asia by 1900
RUSSIAN INDUSTRIALIZATION
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Russia experienced the 2nd Industrial Revolution
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Promoted by tsarist government, French government
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France needed Russia as a military ally against Germany
Russia needed a modern economy to compete on world stage
Sergei Witte, Minister of finance, 1892-1903
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Financed by exportation of minerals, oil, gas, grains
Development of rail system spurred other industries, exports
Strongest development in coal, steel areas of Ukraine
Supported railway construction (Trans-Siberian Railroad)
Remodeled the state bank
Protected infant industries with tariffs, subsidies
Secured foreign loans especially from France
By 1900 produced half the world's oil, significant iron, armaments
TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD
Cities, industry grew
up along railroad; mines
farms, opened in area
INTERNATIONAL DIVISION
OF LABOR
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Industrialization increased demand for raw materials
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Nonindustrialized societies became suppliers of raw materials
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Cotton from India, Egypt
Rubber from Brazil, Malaya, Congo
Fueled demand for colonies
Economic development
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Europeans, Americans exported capital
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Capital went to nations with industrialization
Economic dependency more common in other countries
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Sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and southeast Asia
Latin America had some industry but largely dependent
Infrastructure for movement of goods out of country
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Colonies generally export raw materials but little industry built
Railroads and export infrastructure (ports) built in colonies
Characteristics
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Foreign investors owned and controlled plantations and production
World divided into producers and consumers
GENERALIZED EFFECTS OF
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Increased Population
Increased Urbanization
Increased migration, immigration
Increased wealth
Spread of wealth to middle class
New consumerism
New roles for women, poor, minorities
Change in child rearing, childhood
Rise of a technical, managerial class
Invention of leisure time, common culture
Increasing demand for social reform, worker
rights
• Increased life span, living standard; decreased
death rate
• Emancipation of slaves, serfs