Mr. Craddock
January 21, 2010

• Land- Not only includes land but also
Natural resources-
 Flowing Rivers for the power needed to power the early machinery
 Coal needed to power the factories, and later to provide power for machinery
 Iron Ore used to make the machines and later used to make steel products
• Labor- The workers needed for the factories to
• Capital- The money need to invest in the growth of industry

FOUNDATIONS OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
• James Watt's steam engine, 1765
– Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel
– Widespread use by 1800 meant increased productivity, cheaper prices
• Iron and steel also important industries, with continual refinement
– Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as principal fuel
– Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger steel
• Transportation improved with steam engines and improved steel
– George Stephenson invented the first steampowered locomotive, 1815
– Steamships began to replace sailing ships in the mid-nineteenth century
– Railroads and steamships lowered transportation costs
– Created dense transportation networks

“ Pioneer of the Factory System ”
The “Water Frame”

)
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
)
Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].
)
Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
)
Only 10% of English industry in
1850.

1813 2400 looms
1833 85, 000 looms
150, 000 workers
200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers


Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.

FOUNDATIONS OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Coal critical to the early industrialization of Britain
– Shift from wood to coal in 18 TH century; deforestation caused wood shortages
– Abundant, accessible coal reserves in Britain
• Overseas colonies provided raw materials, capital
– Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and cotton
– Colonies also became markets for British manufactured goods
– Grain, timber, and beef shipped from United States to
Britain after 1830
– Profits from sugar funded banks, provided investment capital
• Demand for cheap cotton spurred mechanization of cotton industry
– Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, allowing huge amounts of cotton to be processed
– John Kay invented the flying shuttle, 1733
– Samuel Compton invented the spinning "mule," 1779
– Edmund Cartwright invented a water-driven power loom,
1785

Coalfields &
Industrial
Areas
Metals,
Woolens, &
Canals

1800
1 ton of coal
50,000 miners
1850 30 tons
1880
1914
160 million tons
292 million tons
200,000 miners
500,000 miners
1,200,000 miners

Child
“hurriers”

 Coal more powerful than water
 Iron more powerful than wood
 Innovations make steel feasible
* “Puddling” [1820] –pig iron
* “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel
* Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
• British industrial monopoly
– 1750 to 1800
– Forbade immigration of skilled workers
• Belgium, France
– Moved toward industrialization by mid-nineteenth century
– Belgium was first as it most resembled England, closest ports
• Germany
– Coal and iron ore deposits led to heavy industry, arms, shipping
– Built railroads to move German army around, benefiting commerce
– Rails required steel, coal
– Eventually developed chemicals, electrical industries

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
• The United States
– Slow to start: few laborers, little capital
– Cotton and Textiles began revolution
• British craftsmen started cotton textile industry in New England, 1820s
• Southern cotton was going to England, diverted to New England factories
• New England most resembled Old England conditions
– Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron, armaments, clothing, food production
– Rail networks developed in 1860s
• Integrated various regions of United States
• Facilitated export markets, development of ports
– Developed electrical, transportation industries

Economic Results
• Factory systemfactory replaced home (the domestic system) as center of production
• Factory system-
Workers brought together in one location to build a product

Economic Results
• Mass production
– Division of labor --one worker performs only one operation
– Standardization -- interchangeable parts-
Eli Whitney and the cotton gin
– Assembly line --product moves along moving belt to workers- Henry Ford used it to build the first mass produced automobile, the Ford Model T (“You can have it in any color you want so long as it is black.”)

Economic Results
• Mass production (cont’d.)
–Advantages
• Efficient use of workers and machines
• Economical use of raw materials
• Faster output of more goods at lower cost
–Disadvantages
• Workers perform monotonous, repetitious tasks
• Creativity is stifled
• Similar products push society into uniformity

Economic Results
• Modern capitalism
– Entrepreneurs devised system for financing, production, and trade
– Adam Smith led push to end mercantilism
(government restrictions on production and trade)
• Wrote The Wealth of Nations - called for governments not to regulate business practicesLaissez-faire
• Free Market economics would bring about competition and self-regulation
• Promoted economic self-interest

Economic Results
• Modern capitalism (cont’d.)
– Laissez-faire included(s)
• Private ownership
• Free enterprise
• Profit motive
• Competition
• Market economy
• Late 19th century growth of big business and international economic interdependence
• Higher living standards began to occur as government intervention and regulations took place

Social Results
• Labor discontent
– Wages-low
– Hours-long
– Children (5+) and women held industrial jobs
– Factories-unsanitary/unsafe

Social Results
• Growth of cities
– Jobs lured people to cities
– Eventually social and cultural opportunities began to appear for the wealthy
– Better transportation allowed easier movement of people and goods
– Cities suffered from poor sanitation, overcrowding, and pollution

The Silent Highwayman - 1858

A Dickensian Nightmare!

Socialism
• Early types
– Utopian Socialists
• Capitalists would voluntarily end capitalism when they saw merits of socialism
– Scientific Socialists
• Capitalism would destroy itself
• Karl Marx, a German economist, wrote
The Communist Manifesto
• Said working class, which was being exploited, would rise up and overthrow the present system

1811-1816
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest]

Political Results
• Growth of democracy
–Rise of middle classes
• Grew in number and wealth
• Desired political influence
–Battle for democracy led to:
• Extension of suffrage
• Rise of new political parties
–Mass media informed citizenry

k k k k k
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commissionto look into working conditions

Factory Act [1833] – child labor under the age of 9 was stopped
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.

Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the middle class. Working class did not receive vote until 1860’s.
Women did not receive suffrage until after WWI

Political Results
• Strengthened nationalism
– Mass media
– Transportation
• Impetus to imperialism
– Need for large quantities of raw materials
– Need for mass markets