Chapter 5 Section Two Notes The Axial & Appendicular
Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
• Divided into three parts
• ______
• ______ column
• _______ thorax
The Skull
• Two sets of bones
• Cranium
• Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the _______ is attached by a freely movable joint
Paranasal Sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
• Functions of paranasal sinuses
• Lighten the skull
• Give resonance and _______ to voice
The Hyoid Bone
• The only bone that does not ______ with another bone
• Serves as a moveable _____ for the tongue
• Aids in swallowing and speech
The Fetal Skull
• The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length
• Fetal skull is ____ body length compared to adult skull which is
____ body length
• Fontanels—fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
• Allow skull compression during birth
• Allow the brain to _____ during later pregnancy and infancy
• Convert to bone within ____ months after birth
The Vertebral Column
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
• There are ____ single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral
discs
• _____ cervical vertebrae are in the neck
• _____ thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region
• _____ lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back
The Vertebral Column
• ____ vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
The Vertebral Column
• Primary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the ______ and
sacral regions
• Present from birth
• Form a ____-shaped curvature as in newborns
• Secondary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the cervical and
lumbar regions
• Develop after birth
• Form an ____-shaped curvature as in adults
Sacrum and Coccyx
• Sacrum
• Formed by the fusion of ____ vertebrae
• Coccyx
• Formed from the fusion of ____ to ____ vertebrae
• “Tailbone,” or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have
The Bony Thorax
• Forms a cage to protect major organs
• Consists of three parts
• Sternum
• Ribs
• True ribs (pairs 1–7)
• False ribs (pairs 8–12)
• Floating ribs (pairs 11–12)
• Thoracic vertebrae
The Appendicular Skeleton
• Composed of ____ bones
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• Composed of ___ bones
• Clavicle—collarbone
• Articulates with the sternum ______ and with the scapula ______
• Scapula—shoulder blade
• Articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint
• Articulates with the arm bone at the glenoid cavity
• These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free
movement
Bones of the Upper Limbs
• Humerus
• Forms the arm
• ____ bone
• Proximal end articulation
• Head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
• Distal end articulation
• Trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones of the forearm
Bones of the Upper Limbs
• The forearm has two bones
• ________—medial bone in anatomical position
• Proximal end articulation
• Coronoid process and olecranon articulate with the humerus
• _____ —lateral bone in anatomical position
• Proximal end articulation
• Head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
Bones of the Upper Limbs
• Hand
• ______ —wrist
• _____ bones arranged in two rows of four bones in each hand
• Metacarpals—palm
• Five per hand
• _______ —fingers and thumb
• _______ phalanges in each hand
• In each finger, there are three bones
• In the thumb, there are only two bones
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• Formed by ____ coxal (ossa coxae) bones
• Composed of ____ _____ pairs of fused bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Pelvic girdle = 2 coxal bones, sacrum
• Bony pelvis = 2 coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the ______
• It protects several organs
• Reproductive organs
• Urinary bladder
• Part of the large intestine
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
• The female inlet is larger and more circular
• The female _____ as a whole is shallower, and the bones are ____
and _____
• The female ilia flare more laterally
• The female _____ is shorter and less curved
• The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the
outlet is larger
• The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the
pubic arch is greater
Bones of the Lower Limbs
• ______ —thigh bone
• The _____, _______ bone in the body
• Proximal end articulation
• Head articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal (hip) bone
• Distal end articulation
• Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia in the lower
leg
Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The lower leg has two bones
• _____—Shinbone; larger and medially oriented
• Proximal end articulation
• Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the femur to form
the knee joint
• _______—Thin and sticklike; lateral to the tibia
• Has no role in forming the knee joint
Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The foot
• ______—seven bones
• Two largest tarsals
• Calcaneus (heel bone)
• Talus
• _______—five bones form the sole of
the foot
• Phalanges—fourteen bones form the toes
Arches of the Foot
• Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
• Two longitudinal
• One transverse