AP World History
Chapter 31: Societies at Crossroads
In the nineteenth century, Qing China, the Ottoman empire, the Russian empire, and Tokugawa Japan all
faced serious problems, some of which were common to all four. All suffered from military weakness, which left
them vulnerable, especially to the industrial powers of western Europe and the United States. All four faced
confrontations with these powers, which resulted in incredible opportunities for the western nations. All four
nations also faced population pressures and government corruption. During the second half of the century, all
faced serious internal turmoil. Internal strife only exacerbated military weaknesses. Sometimes, western
powers intervened to protect their own interests.
These problems were the source of the “crossroads” in this chapter’s title. Without political, social, and
economic reform, these four societies faced continued decline. Vigorous reform movements emerged in all four
societies, but the results were very different. Only Japan would enjoy thorough reform by the dawn of the
twentieth century; the Ottoman, Romanov, and Qing dynasties faced collapse.
THEMES
Military confrontations. All four societies fought wars or engaged in military confrontations with industrialized
nations. In each case, those confrontations brought the realization of military weakness in the face of these
rising powers.
Internal weaknesses. All four societies’ internal weaknesses included declining agricultural productivity, famine,
falling government revenue, and corrupt governments. With such internal turmoil, success against
industrialized nations was practically impossible.
Reform movements. All four societies experienced reform movements, but in the Ottoman empire, Russian
empire, and Qing China, the ruling classes viewed reform with suspicion; they were determined to keep their
privileges. The result was that all three were on the verge of collapse by the turn of the century. The fall of the
Tokugawa dynasty in Japan paved the way for reform efforts, which would result in Japan’s emergence as an
industrial power.
ASSIGNMENT
You and your group will be assigned one of the empires discussed in this chapter. You are to produce a
museum-quality poster that describes what happened in your empire during this time..
Your poster should include information related to their problems at the time, attempts at reforms, the influences
or effects of western governments on the empire, and anything related to social classes.
Special Subtopics for Focus
Ottoman: capitulations, Mahmud II, Tanzimat reformers, Young Turks
Russia:Crimean War, Serfs, Industrialization, repression & revolution
China: Opium trade & war, unequal treaties, Taiping rebellion, Boxer rebellion
Japan: Tokugawa bakufu, Meiji movement, industrialization
SCHEDULE
Thursday & Friday: organize, research & develop ideas and a rough draft.
Monday: Work on posters in class
Tuesday: Finishing touches on posters and gallery walk
Wednesday: Test over chapter 31
Even though your group will create a poster for only one empire, you are responsible to be proficient with all
content in the chapter. The gallery walk is intended to help everybody know the content of the chapter, so do a
good job. Wednesday’s quiz is comprehensive.