Russian Revolution
Ch. 23 Sec. 3
I. Background:
A. Czar Nicholas II *last Czar of Russia 1894 - 1919
Romanov *ruling family of Russia
Winter Palace *Czars Home
Petrograd *capital city
*Russian rename of St. Petersburg
Alexandra *Czarina of Russia
German Princess disliked by Russians
Alexis *Czar’s son heir to throne
hemophilia - deficiency in ability of blood to clot
Grigori Rasputin “Mad Monk”
holy man / faith healer
*advisor to Czar & Czarina
“Beloved, never to be forgotten teacher, savior, & mentor.”
Czarina Alexandra
Assassination of Rasputin Dec. 1916
Prince Felix Yusupov *leader of assassins
Rasputin poisoned, beaten, shot, & drowned Neva River
The autopsy of Rasputin's body revealed the following: There was water in his lungs and
that he died of drowning. Rasputin had alcohol in his system but strangely no poison.
He had three bullet wounds (first bullet entered the chest on the left, hitting Rasputin's
stomach and liver; the second bullet entered the back on the right, hitting the kidneys;
the third bullet entered the head, hitting the brain)
B. Czar’s Secret Police stamp out opposition to Czar
censorship & control of church
C. Peter Stolypin *Russian Prime Minister
“Stolypins Neckties” *hanging of political opponents
D. Pogroms *persecution of Jews
millions massacred
1000’s flee to Europe & USA
E. Russo - Japanese War 1904
control of Manchuria Japan won quickly & easily
*1st time Asian nation defeated European power
F. Bloody Sunday Jan. 22, 1905
*1000 killed protest lack of food outside Winter Palace
“God save the Czar.” marchers singing
Czar gave orders to stop demonstration
G. Revolution of 1905 riot & strike 10 days
*most effective strike in history
gov. incompetent & corrupt
October Manifesto
*Czar guaranteed individual liberties
set up a parliament
stopped the Revolution of 1905
leaders of Revolution executed
Duma *Russian Parliament
Czar dissolved Duma
II. Fall of the Czar
A. World War I
Imperial Army *Russian Army
Czar Nicholas II *took direct control of Army 1916
2 - 8 million soldiers killed?
Czarina Alexandra ran Russia when Czar at the front
B. Petrograd Riots March 8,1917
strikes & riots in streets of capital city
*bread prices skyrocketed
10,000 women marched in streets
“Peace & Bread!” & “Down with the Czar!”
Cossacks *Czar’s elite guard refused to shoot at crowd
“Here the actions of working-class women helped
to change the course of Russian history.” Lenin
Soviets *Russian for Council
*council of workers, soldiers, & intellectuals
leaders in opposition of Czar
Leon Trotsky *Chairman of Petrograd Soviets
C. Czar Nicholas II abdicated March 15, 1917
300 year Romanov Dynasty ends
D. Assassination: Czar & Family July 16, 1918
Ekaterinburg, mining town Ural Mountains
Lenin ordered execution
bodies thrown - unmarked grave
The Royal Family:
Czar Nicholas II
Alexandra Czarina
Alexis (Aleksei) son & heir to throne
Olga
Tatiana
Marie
Anastasia The Mystery of Anastasia?? (Anna Anderson)
Tatiana, Anastasia, Maria, Olga, Nicholas II, Alexandra, Alexei
Bodies of the Czar & his family found? 1991 & 2007
People queue to touch a cross,
which stands on the spot on a
mine, where the bodies of Czar
Nicholas II and his family were
thrown after they had been shot
to death by the Bolsheviks some
90-years ago, outside
Yekaterinburg, about 1500
kilometers (900 miles) east of
Moscow, Thursday, July 17, 2008.
About 30 000 Russians marched
during a religious ceremony from
Yekaterinburg to the mine early
Thursday to mark the 90-years
anniversary of the slaying of the
last czar and his family, while
investigators reaffirmed that
remains unearthed last year were
those of Nicholas II's only son and
a daughter.
III. The Provisional Government March 12, 1917
*gov. after Czar Abdicated *created by Duma
elections held later to establish permanent gov.
A. Alexander Kerensky *Prime Minister Provisional Gov.
*kept Russia in WWI to preserve honor
imprisoned royal family
B. Petrograd Soviet *divided into 2 groups
Mensheviks *moderate socialist
Bolsheviks *radical socialists
revolution key to gaining power
enemy of Czarist Russia
IV. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 1870 - 1922
Vladimir Ulianov real name
*Father of The Soviet Union
*Bolshevik Leader of Russian Revolution
A. Background:
Alexander Lenin - brother hanged trying kill Czar
exiled to Siberia 1897
studied Karl Marx’s *Communist Manifesto
*rewrote Marxists Theories:
revolutionary elite would lead peasant
masses in revolution & establish Communist state
joined Bolsheviks return from Siberia
*Exile in Switzerland 1900 - 1917
The Spark *Bolshevik Newspaper
*Lenin editor
B. Lenin returns April 16, 1917
*Germans aid his secret return
Sealed Train - by way of Finland
plots Bolshevik takeover of power
“All land to the Peasants” “All power to the Soviets”
Lenin
Lenin’s Promises to Russians:
1. end to war (WWI)
2. transfer of all land to the peasants
3. control of factories by the workers
4. Soviets overthrow Provisional Gov.
Slogans of the Bolsheviks:
“ Peace, Land, & Bread”
“All Power to the Soviets!”
“Worker Control of Production”
V. Bolshevik Revolution Nov. 6, 1917
A. Overthrow of Provisional Gov.
coup d’ etat in St. Petersburg
5,000 - 40,000 Bolshevik troops
B. “History will not forgive us if we do not
assume power now!” Lenin
Aurora *Soviet Battleship
*fired upon The Winter Palace
Provisional Gov.’s headquarters
C. Lenin assumes power
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 1918
*Russian peace treaty with Germany
gave Poland & Ukraine to Germany
VI. Russian Civil War 1918 - 1921
A. Whites vs Reds
B. Whites *White Army
*anti-communists opposed the Bolsheviks
18 groups anti-Bolsheviks
Royalists wanted Czar restored
Middle-class, moderate socialists, Allied forces
C. Reds *Red Army
Leon Trotsky *Red Army leader
Red *color of revolution
*Bolsheviks became known as Communists 1918
"You
may not be interested in war,
but war is interested in you!“
Leon Trotsky, June 1919
War Communism
*gov. control of industries crucial to war effort
D. Invasion at Archangel
*Allied invasion of Russia aid the White Army
USA, France, Britain, & Japan
E. Whites defeated in 1921
VII. Lenin’s Russia
A. Communism *state owns all means of production:
*industry & agriculture
*based on Theories by Karl Marx & Lenin
Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto 1848
The Communist
Manifesto, February 21,
1848,
Moscow *became new capital city 1918
replacing Petrograd
Petrograd *renamed Leningrad
Kremlin (Russian for fortress)
*headquarters of Soviet Gov.
Presidium *executive committee of communist party
Red Square *center for parades
Dmitry Medvedev, Russian President, watched the parade alongside
predecessor, Vladimir Putin
B. Red Terror *eliminate opposition to Communist gov.
Cheka *Secret Police
peasants kill landlords - workers kill capitalists
execution of Czar Nicholas II & family
CHECA
The Red Terror involves] the
terrorization, arrests and
extermination of enemies of
the revolution on the basis of
their class affiliation or of their
pre-revolutionary roles.”[7]
Red Terror Victims
Siberia *Frozen Prison
*criminals & political prisoners
*salt, silver, & gold mines
C. Communists International (Comintern) 1919
founded by Lenin
*promote revolution & world wide Communist state
“Communism is inevitable & unavoidable in the near
future, it will take over the whole world.” Lenin
D. New Economic Policy NEP 1921 - 1928
*plan to rebuild Russian Economy
*allowed some capitalism & small businesses
E. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics U.S.S.R 1922
F. Lenin dies Jan. 21, 1924
body mummified - displayed Red Square
Power Struggle:
Leon Trotsky *Leader of Red Army Lenin’s 1 man
vs.
Joseph Stalin (Man of Steel)
*General Secretary of Communist Party
Stalin takes power 1928
Trotsky killed in Mexico Stalin’s Agents 1940