ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
REVIEW GUIDE (FINAL EXAM)
The questions in this review guide are intended to guide you in studying for the final exam. Please note
that you should be studying all of your notes since questions on the exam are not limited to just the
material covered in this guide.
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
BIG IDEAS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Levels of Organization
Body Cavities
Organ Systems
Relative Positions
TERMS
1. Metabolism / Homeostasis
2. Absorption / Secretion / Assimilation
3. Anatomy / Physiology
4. Cells / Tissues / Organelles
5. Diaphragm
MATCHING: Organ system to a function
and to organs (digestive, endocrine,
circulatory, respiratory, reproductive,
nervous, urinary, lymphatic)
Body Regions:
1. Cervical
6. Buccal
2. Cephalic
3. Brachial
4. Pedal
5. Lumbar
LABELING
1. Body Sections / Planes of the Body (sagittal, transverse, coronal; proximal /
lateral)
2. Body Cavities (see labeling images)
3. Levels of Organization (atom > molecule > cell > etc..)
TISSUES
BIG IDEAS
1. Types of Tissues: Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous
2. What are tissues?
TERMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cartilage
Tendon
Ligament
Adipose tissue
(NO LABELING)
SKELETAL SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
1. Functions of the skeletal
system
2. Parts of the bone (diaphysis,
epiphysis..)
3. Bone cells (Osteocytes) and
bone development
4. Skull (all bones)
5. Pectoral Girdle & Upper
limbs
6. Pelvic Girdle & Lower limbs
7. Types of joints (saddle, pivot,
hinge, ball and socket)
TERMS
1. Articular cartilage
2. Long bone / Epiphysis /
Diaphysis
3. Tarsals / Carpals
4. Phalanges
5. Periosteum
6. Hyoid bone
7. Calcaneus
8. Fontanels
9. Mandible
10. Cervical / Lumbar / Thoracic
Vertebrae
11. Foramen Magnum
LABELING
1 . Bones of the skull
2. Bones of the body
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
1. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
2. Types of Muscle: Smooth / Striated / Cardiac
3. How Muscles Contract & Respond; Sliding Filament Theory
4, Naming of muscles (origin, insertion)
TERMS
1. Threshold stimulus
2. Motor neuron / Motor Unit
3. Fascicle
4. Myofibrils / Myosin / Actin
5. Sarcomere
6. Cholinesterase
7. Acetylcholine
8. Muscle Cramp / ATP
9. All-or-none response
10. Atrophy
11. Muscle tone
NERVOUS SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
1. General functions of the nervous
system
2. Neuroglial Cells and their
functions
(oligodendrocyte, astrocyte,
microglial cells )
3. Anatomy of a neuron (axon,
dendrite, etc)
4. Number of cranial and spinal
nerves
5. Synapses & Neurotransmitters
8. Meninges of the Brain
(pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater)
9. Cerebrum / Lobes of the Brain
10. Brain Stem (midbrain, medulla, pons)
11. Structure and function of the cerebellum
12. Peripheral Nervous System
13. Autonomic Nervous System
(Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic)
TERMS
Neurofibril | Astrocytes | Synapse | Reflex | cerebrospinal fluid | ventricles | gray &
white matter | meninges | corpus callosum | myelin | autonomic | somatic | peripheral
| gyri | sulcus | convolutions | hippocampus | descending and ascending tracts |
LABELING
1. Neuron with Neuroglia Cells
2. Brain
The anatomy website at biologycorner.com is a
great resource for studying. You will find all of the
chapter notes as well as images and labeling
1. What the function of the endocrine system?
diagrams there.
2. What is a hormone?
3. What is the “master gland” of the endocrine
system and where is it located?
4. What causes diabetes? What organ is
associated with diabetes?
5. What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Where is it located?
6. What hormone is secreted by the teste? The
ovary?
7. What hormone is often used in illegal
steroids?
8. What hormone is secreted in response to
“fight or flight”?
9. What organs of this system are located
above the kidneys?
Endocrine System
Blood
Sample Problems:
A person with type AB blood is married to someone
1. Describe a blood cell.
2. What is an erythrocyte and where are they
with type O blood. What is the chance that they
produced?
will have a child with type A blood?
3. What chemical produces and inflammatory
reaction?
4. What blood type is the universal donor? Universal
receiver?
5. Be able to do Punnett squares involving blood
types:
Ex. A x O, AB x AB
6. What is sickle cell anemia? How is it inherited
(punnett squares)?
7. What is coagulation?
8. What is hemophilia and how it it inherited (punnett
squares)?
9. What is anemia? What causes anemia?
10. What is a platelet?
11. What is a leukocyte? What is its function?
12. What is hemoglobin?
13. What is plasma? What is it composed of?
14. What is a macrophage?
Circulatory System
1. Name the location of all 4 valves of the heart.
2. Trace the flow of blood through the heart
3. What is the difference between a bicuspid and a
tricuspid?
4. Compare systole to diastole (opening and closing of
valves)
5. Where does the pulmonary artery deliver blood to?
6. What is the difference between and artery and a
vein?
7. Blood returning to the heart enters what chamber
first?
8. What is the difference between systemic and
pulmonary circulation?
9. Blood returning to the heart from the legs travels
through what vein?
10. What part of the brain regulates the cardiac cycle?
11. What is the aorta and what is its function?
12. What divides the left and right side of the heart?
13. What is the pericardium?
Respiratory System
1. What is the function of the mucus membrane?
2. Where is the pharynx located?
3. Where are the sinuses located?
4. What is the function of the hyaline cartilage?
5. The site of gas exchange between the air and
capillaries of the circulatory system is the _________
(grapes)
6. What is the function of the respiratory system?
7. What is the function of the larynx?
8. What is the function of the epiglottis?
9. The trachea divides into two ________
10. Where are the conchae located? What is their
function?
11. Where is the hard and soft palate located?
12. What is the function of the diaphragm?
Digestive System
1. Where does digestion begin?
2. Trace the path food takes when it enters the
alimentary canal at the mouth.
3. What are the two valves of the stomach (and
specific locations)?
4. What is the function of the gall bladder?
5. What membrane hangs like a curtain over the
organs?
6. What organ is responsible for absorbing nutrients
into the blood?
7. Where is undigested material stored before it
leaves the body?
8. List the 4 sections (in order) of the large intestine.
9. List the 3 sections (in order) of the small intestine.
10. Bile and pancreatic juices empty into what
structure?
11. Where is the cecum located? The appendix?
12. What is chyme?
Urinary System
1. What two substances are transported through the
urethra (and then outside the body?
2. What is incontinence? Why does it occur?
3. What do renal veins connect to?
4. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
5. What tube connects the kidneys to the bladder?
6. What tube is used to transport urine outside the
body?