The main source, ways and
extent of environmental
pollution. Sources of
pollution in medicine and
pharmaceutical industry.
Аuthor: Lototska O.V
Introduction
pollution of an
environment
(17-20 %)
way of life
(49-53 %)
health of the
population
genetic
factor
(18-22 %),
medical
etiological factors
(8 -10 %)
Medicine
MEDICAL
Object of studying:
sick man
PROPHYLACTIC MEDICINE
Object of studying: healthy
man, and groups of the
practically healthy people
Ecology is constituted by the total environment of
human. The environment of modern human is partly
natural and partly man-made.
physical factors
1. air
2. water
3. food
4. buildings
biological
factors
1. pathogens,
social factors
1. customs
2. beliefs
2. microorganisms
as well as living
beings
3. vectors
4. plants
3. laws
4. peculiarities
5. modes of living of
human beings
Environmental Sanitation
The word sanitation is derived from the Latin word
Sanitas which means a state of health.
Environmental Sanitation means the control of all
those factors in man's surroundings, which cause or may cause
adverse effects on his health. The sanitarian directs his efforts
towards hygiene of water and food supply, hygienic disposal of
human wastes, hygiene of housing and control of vectors and
rodents etc.
Pollution
-
Introduction by man, waste matter or
surplusenergy into the environment,
which directly or indirectly causes
damage to man and his environment
Pollutant - A substance or effect which
adversely alters the environment by changing the
growth rate of species, interferes with the food chain,
is toxic, or interferes with health, comfort amenities or
property values of people
Anything and
Everything is toxic if
the dose is made so !!
Paracelsus
(1493-1541)
TYPES OF POLLUTION
.
Water Pollution
 . Air Pollution
 . Land Pollution
 . Noise Pollution
 . Thermal Pollution
 . Electro Pollution
 . Visual Pollution
Water Pollution
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Inorganic materials - alkalis, acids, inorganic salts,
ammonia,
phosphates, etc.
Heavy metals - chromium, mercury, nickel, copper,
cadmium etc.
Disinfection byproducts - trihalomethanes
Other harmful substances - organochlorides etc.
Physical factors - turbidity, colour, temperature etc.
c) Land Pollution
 Urbanization
and Concentration of
Population
 Municipal Solid Waste
 Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste
 Uncontrolled .Land Treatment.
 Burning open dumps and forest fires
 Deforestation
 Mining and Erosion
d) Noise Pollution
 Exposure
to prolong noise affects
speech,
 hearing, general health and behaviour.
 Noise Levels . dB
 Intensity
 frequency
 periods of exposure and
 duration
Intensity (Loudness)
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Measure of acoustic
energy of the sound
vibrations
. Expressed in terms of
sound pressure
. Decibels (dB) are the
unit of measurement
on the Loudness
scale
Industrial Noise Sources
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.Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)
. High pressure burners in furnaces
. Turbines
. Compressors
. Pumps
.Welding machines
. Cranes and other vehicles
. Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids
.Vibrating and grinding equipment
Typical Wastewater
Processing
Physical Methods
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Objective
Remove solid or
liquid pollutants
based on density
difference or other
physical property
(eg. SS or floating
solids)
. Solvent extraction
. Evaporation
. Distillation
. Filtration
. Reverse Osmosis
. Electrodialysis
. Adsorption
Biological waste water treatment
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Aerobic treatment
Anaerobic treatment
The organic load is defined by the Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD).
In aerobic systems the water is aerated with
compressed air (in some cases oxygen).
Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free
conditions . biogas is a useful product.
Chemical Wastewater Treatment
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. Neutralization - NaOH, Ca(OH)2, HCl, H2SO4
. Coagulation and
Flocculation - Alum, FeSO4,
. Oxidation - Sodium hypochlorite
. Disinfection - Cl2, O3, NaOCl
Air Pollution Control
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. Use tall stacks
. Source reduction by process and raw
material changes (eg. Improved furnace
design and low S fuel)
. Recover valuable material (eg. Hg)
. Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone
separators
. Absorption, adsorption, combustion and
catalytic reaction
Air Pollution and Control
Land Pollution Control
.
Integrated Solid Waste Management
 . Good agricultural practices
 . Remediation of polluted soils
 . Prevention of erosion and silting
 . Containment of hazardous waste and
 waste water treatment using land
 treatment techniques
3R Principle
 .Reduce
 .Reuse
 .Recycle
Noise Pollution Control
.
Control noise at source by proper choice
 of equipment, design modification,
 mounting and proper layout
 . Isolation or use of baffles
 . Use of ear protection devices
People in ancient societies were concerned about personal
hygiene and sanitation for religious reasons. The Bible
contains many rules for cleanliness, and describes public
health measures still important today. These include
quarantining the sick to prevent the spread of disease and
avoiding contact with objects used by sick people.
The Greek physician Hippocrates
first made the connection between
disease and natural environmental
factors in the 4th century bc. His treatise
Airs, Waters, and Places described how
diseases can result from way of life,
climate, impure water, and other
environmental factors. For the next 2000
years, it was the most widely used text
on public health and epidemiology.
What is pollution?
The word comes from the
Latin pollutus, which means
made foul, unclean, or dirty.
Some is obvious like smoke
which you can see but much
of it is not obvious at all. Yet
you're eating it and drinking
it and breathing it most of
the time. And what is worse
is that all this muck affects
all other life on Earth.
You can find pollution made by people just about
everywhere on the planet. Even remote places like
the Arctic are badly polluted by nasty chemicals
made by people. The polar bears and seals there
have poisonous chemicals made by people in their
bodies and so do the Inuit people who live with
them. These nasty things kill many animals and
make others sick -- including penguins in the
Antarctic.
On a degree of danger distinguish four groups of
chemical substances – pollutes:
I - especially high toxic (middle death doze -LD5о - is lower
than 50 mg/kg of weight of body);
II - high toxic (LD5о = 50 - 200 mg/kg);
Ш - middle toxic (LD5о = 200 - 1000 mg/kg);
IV - low toxic (LD5о- more than 1000 mg/kg)
The concept about first driving force of process of
change of level of health allows to study laws of change
of polluting substances in an environment, their
decomposition and transformation under influence of the
physical and chemical factors of an environment. The
basic purpose of these measures is the decreasing of
concentration of polluting substances in an environment
up to a level, which is safety for health of the population.
The following ways of toxic, radioactive and
biological agents transmission are possible
polluting substance
polluting substance
polluting substance
AIR
MAN
water
MAN
SOIL
Plants
Animals
MAN
Traditional forms of pollution include air pollution,
water pollution, and radioactive contamination while a
broader interpretation of the word has led to the ideas of
ship pollution, light pollution, and noise pollution.
Serious pollution sources include chemical plants, oil refineries,
nuclear waste dumps, regular garbage dumps (many toxic substances
are illegally dumped there), incinerators, PVC factories, car factories,
plastics factories, and corporate animal farms creating huge amounts
of animal waste. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power
plants or oil tankers, can release very severe pollution when accidents
occur. Some of the more common contaminants are chlorinated
hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals like lead (in lead paint and until
recently in gasoline), cadmium (in rechargeable batteries), chromium,
zinc, arsenic and benzene.
There are several main types of pollution and
well-known effects of pollution which are
commonly discussed. These include
•smog,
•acid rain,
•the greenhouse effect,
•and "holes" in the ozone layer.
Each of these problems has serious
implications for our health and well-being as
well as for the whole environment.
Common Sources of Primary Pollutants
Chemical
Formulae
Source
Pollutants
Cars, Trucks,
Buses
Nitrous oxide,
carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide,
hydrocarbons
NO2
CO
CO2
CxHy
Nitrous oxide,
carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide,
hydrocarbons + others
NO2
CO
CO2
CxHy
Industry
Aerosol
cans
Burning
Coal
CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons),
hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide
sulfur dioxide
Various
CO
CO2
SO2
The most common gaseous
pollutants are
particulates
sulfur dioxide
hydrocarbons
carbon monoxide
photochemical
oxidants
nitrogen oxides
lead
Green House Effect:
Green houses are glass huts seen in
hilly areas and in the agricultural processing
areas.
Mechanism : When light falls on any
surface which is transparent, some rays are
reflected and some are refracted. A process
of partial retention of light takes place in the
green house, so temperature in the glass
house is increased.
Causes of Green house effect:
The air pollution causes emission of gases
like
CO2, CH4, CO, CFC's,NO2,,Chlorine, Methyl
chloroform
These gases are known as Green
house gases. These gases cause partial
retention of light in the air and so
temperature of the atmosphere increases.
Hazards of Green House Effects:
 Global warming
 Increased evaporation from sea.
 Melting of Ice at poles of earth.
 Increase in sea level.
 Floods.
 Disturbance at coastal areas due to increased sea
level.
Prevention:
 Decreased industrialization
 Treatment of Industrial smoke
 Check unfit automobiles.
Acid rain forms when moisture in the air interacts with nitrogen oxide and
sulphur dioxide released by factories, power plants, and motor vehicles
that burn coal or oil. This interaction of gases with water vapour forms
sulphuric acid and nitric acids. Eventually these chemicals fall to earth as
precipitation, or acid rain. Acid rain pollutants may travel long distances,
with winds carrying them thousands of miles before they fall as dew,
drizzle, fog, snow or rain.
Hazards of Acidic
Rain :.
 Discoloration of
houses,
 Rusting of metals.
 Damage of crops.
 Skin cancer
 Damage to marine
life
 Lead poisoning
due to damage to
lead pipes.
Prevention:
 i.
Treatment of
industrial smoke
 ii. Increase plant
growing i.e.
Forestation
This chemical oxides causes
acid rain
Acid rain causes damage to
Lakes and rivers
2. Trees
3. People
4. Buildings
1.
Here you can see the
damages
Damage to the ozone
layer is primarily caused by
the use of chloroflurocarbons
(CFCs). Ozone is a form of
oxygen found in the earth's
upper atmosphere. The thin
layer of ozone molecules in
the atmosphere absorb some
of the sun's ultraviolet (UV)
rays before it reaches the
earth's surface, making life on
earth possible. The depletion
of ozone is causing higher
levels of UV radiation on
earth,
endangering
both
plants and animals.
Indoor Air
Pollution
Smoking
Formaldehyde
Vinyl chloride
Asbestos
radon gas
The environment is polluted not only under
the action of people, but some pollutants
come from natural sources.
 Volcanoes spew out ash, acid
mists, hydrogen sulfide, and other
toxic gases.
 Sea spray and decaying vegetation
are major sources of reactive sulfur
compounds in the air.
Forest fires create clouds of smoke
that blanket whole continents.
Trees and bushes emit millions of
tons of volatile organic compounds
(terpenes and isoprenes).
Pollen, spores, viruses, bacteria,
and other small bits of organic
material
in
the
air
cause
widespread suffering from allergies
and airborne infections.
Storms in arid regions raise dust
clouds that transport millions of
tons of soil and can be detected
half a world away.
Bacterial metabolism of decaying
vegetation in swamps and of
cellulose in the guts of termites
and
ruminant
animals
is
responsible for as much as twothirds of the methane (natural gas)
in the air.
People also become ill through exposure to hazards in
the environment. Many diseases are linked to
environmental problems such as polluted drinking
water, poor waste disposal and air and exposure to
mosquitoes and other carriers of disease.
Effects of Air Pollution
Air pollution can affect our health
in many ways with both short-term
and long-term effects. Different
groups of individuals are affected
by air pollution in different ways.
Some individuals are much more
sensitive to pollutants than are
others. Young children and elderly
people often suffer more from the
effects of air pollution.
People with health
problems
such
as
asthma, heart and lung
disease
may
also
suffer more when the
air is polluted. The
extent to which an
individual is harmed
by air pollution usually
depends on the total
exposure
to
the
damaging chemicals,
i.e., the duration of
exposure
and
the
concentration of the
chemicals must be
taken into account.
Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the
eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such
as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include
headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air
pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of
individuals with asthma and emphysema. In the great
"Smog Disaster" in London in 1952, four thousand people
died in a few days due to the high concentrations of
pollution.
Long-term health effects can include chronic
respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even
damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual
exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing
children and may aggravate or complicate medical
conditions in the elderly. It is estimated that half a million
people die prematurely every year in the United States as a
result of smoking cigarettes.
Air
Pollutant
Health Effects
Colourless and odourless gas.
Reacts with haemoglobin in preference of oxygen. This
Carbon
reduces the amount of oxygen being carried around
Monoxide
the body and can result in suffocation. Fortunately,
(CO)
this reaction is slow and requires very high
concentrations before advserse effects are felt.
Nitrogen
Dioxide
(NO2)
Brown poisonous gas.
Effects trachea and lungs causing respiratory
problems.
Ozone
(O3)
Colourless gas, slightly sweet odour at low
concentrations.
Causes eye irritations at concentration of 0.3ppm and
respiratory problems at higher concentrations
PAN gas
Effects eyes, nasal passages and respiratry system.
Thank your for attention!
Light
Pollution
Why is light directed upward?
Light directed upward is wasted.
Los Angeles
from Mount Wilson Observatory
1908
Los Angeles
from Mount Wilson Observatory
1988
Wouldn’t it be
more effective
to put the lights
above and
direct it down?
Too much light
goes upward.
needs better
shielding
better shielding
very little goes up
Street Light Spectra
Low Pressure Sodium
High Pressure Sodium
Mercury Vapor
Low Pressure Sodium
best outdoor lighting for all safety
concerns
pierces fog
expensive bulb
energy efficient
brighter than high pressure sodium
Low Pressure Sodium
PURIFICATION OF AIR
Air is purified naturally. But due to increased rate of pollution,
there are artificial methods also required for air purification.
A. Natural methods
B. Artificial methods
A- Natural Methods
 WINDS: Winds take away air from industrial areas to deserts,
forests region, from where fresh air comes.
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LARGE SIZE: Air purifies by dilution, as very large area occupied
by air and as soon as polluted air comes it is diluted.
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SUNLIGHT: Sunlight kills bacteria and neutralizes smell producing
substances.
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RAIN: Rainfall settles down the suspended air particles.
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PLANTS: They purify air by process of photosynthesis. They take
up CO2 and give O2, which is used up by human beings. They also
lower the temperature.
B- Artificial Methods
1. CONTAINMENT:
It means arresting pollutant air at the source, neutralizing it
and detoxifying it and finally it is released in atmosphere, so that
it is least toxic.
2. REPLACEMENT:
It means either replacement of process (that is causing air
pollution) or replacement of substance, (e.g.) Use of electricity in
place of coal is an example of replacement.
3. DILUTION:
The establishment of "green belts" between industrial and
residential areas is an attempt of dilution.
4. DISINFECTION:
The methods employed for disinfection are
 a.
Ultraviolet radiation: They are used for disinfection in O.T.
and wards.
 b.
Chemical mist: Triethylene glucol vapours are effective
bactericides.
 c.
Dust control: Application of oil to floors of hospital wards
reduces bacterial content.