Basic Anatomy and Biomechanics PE 254 Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles Anatomy Muscles Ligaments Tendons Bones - provide movement & generate heat. - connect bone to bone injury = sprain - connect bone to muscle injury = strain - protection & shape The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles Designed to permit motion of the body The Skull The Neck The Spinal Column Structure of the Spine The Thorax The Pelvis The Lower Extremity Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot The Upper Extremity Shoulder girdle Arm Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Joints Degree of movement Synarthrosis – immovable joint (ex: the skull) Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint (ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the two bones such as scapula to the clavicle) Diarthrosis – freely movable joint (ex: hip or shoulder joint) Diarthrosis Joints Examples of Diarthrosis Joints Types of Muscle (1 of 3) Skeletal (voluntary) muscle Attached to the bones of the body Smooth (involuntary) muscle Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body Types of Muscle (2 of 3) Smooth (involuntary) muscle Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body Types of Muscle (3 of 3) Cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle Has own blood supply and electrical system Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods Human Body Muscle Diagram Muscle Groups Because a single muscle usually does not act alone when it exerts tension in normal body movement, it acts as one member of the team of muscles that partially or wholly can control or contribute to the joint movement occurring. Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the action of “groups of individual muscles” rather than trying to name each one that is or might acting. Examples of Muscle Groups Elbow flexors/extensors Knee flexors/extensors Shoulder abductors/adductors Shoulder flexors/extensors Hip flexors/extensors Hip abductors/adductors Standard Reference Terminology Anatomical Reference Position Erect standing position with all body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position for body segment movements Basic Joint Articulations Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Pronation (elbow and forearm) Supination (elbow and forearm) Standard Reference Terminology Directional Terms Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Standard Reference Terminology Anatomical Reference Planes Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by mass Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane Standard Reference Terminology Anatomical Reference Axes An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attached Mediolateral axis Anterioposterior axis Longitudinal axis 2-5 Sagittal plane movements 2-6 Frontal Plane Movements 2-8 Transverse Plane Movements 2-13 Other Movements 2-16 2-19 Planes of Motion and Axes of Rotation PLANES of Motion AXES of Rotation SAGGITAL (FRONT TO BACK MAKING TWO HALVES, LEFT AND RIGHT) MEDIOLATERAL FRONTAL (SIDE TO SIDE MAKING TWO HALVES, FRONT ANTERIOPOSTERIOR AND BACK) TRANSVERSE (TRANSVERSE MAKING TWO HALVES, TOP AND BOTTOM) LONGITUDINAL What could a biomechanist do to improve sport performance? Group Activity Group 1: Lunges. Group 2: Standing broad jump. Group 3: Discus throw. Group 4: 100-meter sprint from the starting block. Group 5: Push-ups. Group 6: Shoulder press with barbells. Group 7: Free throws in basketball. Group 8: Javelin throw. Group 9: Bench press with straight bar. Group 10: Field-goal kick in football. Group Activity Identify the following: 1. Joint(s) involved in activity 2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity 3. Plane(s) of motion 4. Axis(es) of rotation Reminders No class on Monday, September 6th in observance of Labor Day Quiz 2 on Wednesday, September 8th