Sentence
Sentence
Group of words
that express a
complete
thought or idea
Example
She feels sad. (a
complete idea)
Parts of Sentence
•Complete
Subject
Sentence •Complete
Predicate
Example
The markets
(complete subject)open
early on Saturday
(complete predicate).
Parts of Predicate
Direct object
Indirect object
Transitive verbs
Intransitive verbs
Linking verbs
complements
Direct Object
Person or thing
directly affected by
the action of verb
•e.g. He broke the
window. (direct object)
Indirect Object
Person or thing that the
action is done to or for.
Indirect object usually
comes before the direct
object.
• e.g. Our office sent the client a
special gift.
Transitive Verbs
Verbs that take direct objects
are called transitive verbs.
Meaning of transitive verbs is
incomplete without direct
object.
e.g. she is drinking a glass of
water.
Intransitive Verbs
Verbs that does not
take direct objects.
The meaning of an
intransitive verb is
complete on its own.
e.g. He is standing.
Linking Verbs
Verb that connects
the subject with an
adjective or noun.
e.g. she seems very
satisfied.
Complements
A complement is a word or
a group of words(usually
an adjective or a noun),
used after linking verbs.
e.g. she looks very
beautiful.
Subject and Object Complements
In clauses with linking verbs complements
which follow the verb and which add
information about the subject are called
subject complements.
e.g. Kathrine is a nurse.
Complements which add more
information about an object are called
object complements. e.g. He makes me
very angry.
Sentence
Clause
• Group of words that contains a
subject and predicate, and can stand
alone as a complete sentence.
• e.g. Smith was driving a car
Phrase
• Group of words that belong
together but does not contain a
subject and predicate.
• e.g. on the chair
• e.g. He is sitting on the chair.
Clauses
Independent
clause
• A clause which makes sense on its own
is called an independent clause.
• e.g. The player caught the ball in his
glove although the sun was in his eyes.
Dependent
clause
• A clause which is dependent on another
part of the sentence in order to make
sense is called a dependent clause.
• e.g. The player caught the ball in his
glove although the sun was in his eyes.
Dependent clauses
Relative/
Adjective clause
Noun
clause/Nominal
clause
• It is an adjective clause that describes the noun
• e.g. The girl whom you teach is my sister.
• The umbrella with a black handle is mine.
• Dependent clause that acts like a noun. It can be subject,
object or complement. It usually begins with a relative
pronoun like that, which, who, whoever, whomever,
whose, what, whatsoever. It can also begin with the
subordinating conjunctions how, when, where, whether,
and why.
• e.g. Whoever thought of that idea is genius.
• They now understand that you should not cheat on a test
Adverbial
clause
• A dependent clause that functions as
an adverb; it modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
• e.g. Your face becomes red when you are
angry.
Present
participle
clause
• It can be formed with the present participle (ing form of the verb)
• e.g. walking through the park, Tom lost his
keys.
Past
participle
clause
• It is used in the same way as a simple passive
relative clause: (ed participle)
• The book published last week is his first
written for children.
Types of phrases
Noun phrase
• A noun phrase consists of a noun and other
related words (usually modifiers and determiners)
which modify the noun.
• She brought a glass full of water.
Prepositional
phrase
• A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition,
object of preposition(noun or pronoun) and may
also consist of other modifiers.
• The man in the room is our teacher.
Adjective
Phrase
• A group of words that functions like an adjective
in a sentence. It consists of adjectives, modifier
and any word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
• He gave me a glass full of water.
Verb
phrase
• Combination of main verb and its auxiliaries(helping
verbs) in a sentence.
• e.g. He is eating an apple.
Infinitive
phrase
• Consist of an infinitive( to+ simple form of verb )or
other words associated to the infinitive.
• e.g. He likes to read books.
Gerund
phrases
• Gerund phrase consists of a gerund (verb+ing) and
modifiers or other words associated with the
gerund. A gerund phrase acts as a noun in a
sentence.
• e.g. Sleeping late in night is not a good habit.
TYPES OF SENTENCES
• Declarative
• Interrogative
• Imperative
• Exclamatory
• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
• Compound- complex
Declarative
A sentence that makes
a statement or states a
fact is called a
declarative sentence.
e.g. We have chocolates
in the refrigerator.
Interrogative
An interrogative sentence
asks a question. Such
sentences always end
with a question mark (?).
e.g. Are you going to the
game tomorrow night?
Imperative
An imperative sentence is used
to give an order or a command.
A period (.)usually ends an
imperative sentence. A sentence
giving a strong command, ends
with an exclamation mark (!).
e.g. Tell me all about your new
job.
Exclamatory
An exclamatory sentence is
used to express a strong
emotion. An exclamatory
sentence usually ends with
an exclamation mark (!).
e.g. What a party we had
last night!
•Did you finish your English
assignment?
•Fasten your seat belt
please.
•I can't believe you're late
again!
•Do your own ironing!
•That apartment has three
rooms.
Simple sentences
A group of words with one
subject and predicate
combination that can stand
alone.
e.g. A man took the phone
and called the police.
Simple sentences(compound subject and
compound verb)
A group of words with more
than one subject and more than
one verb are called compound
subject and compound verb.
e.g. The two large dogs and
their master / raced across
the field and caught the
rabbit.
Compound sentences
Two simple sentences
combined into one longer
sentence by using co-ordinate
conjunction(and, but, or, nor,
for, yet, so) to connect the two
independent clauses.
e.g. He cooked rice, and I
washed the dishes.
Complex Sentences
A sentence that contains one
independent clause and one, or
more, dependent clauses is
called a complex sentence
e.g. They will drive you to
the office after you take
your car for repairs.
Compound-Complex Sentences
Combination of a compound
sentence and a complex
sentence. They require a
minimum of three clauses: two
independent and one
dependent.
e.g. The black cat stared at
me, and the dog barked at
me because they didn’t like
me.
• You can take the short cut, or
you can stay on the main road.
• The smell of fresh bread drew
me through the kitchen door
like a magnet.
• Although he was tired, he
spent time with his family.
• She planted tulips, but they
didn’t grow because the soil
was too hard.