BIOII CH10 PPT OL
NAME_____________________________
Please complete the following outline by filling in blanks and answering numbered questions
CHAPTER 10 The Nervous System The PPT can be found on my CH10 website
Cell Types of Neural Tissue
Neurons
Neuroglial Cells
Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Brain
Peripheral Nerves
Spinal Cord
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division
Picks up sensory information and delivers it to the ___________________________
Motor Division
Carries information to ___________________________and glands
Divisions of the Motor Division
Somatic – Carries information to __________________________ muscle
Autonomic – Carries information to smooth muscle, _____________ muscle, and glands
1. Give an example of a stimulus that would raise heart rate.
Functions of Nervous System
Motor Function
Decisions Are Acted Upon
Impulses Are Carried To Effectors
Sensory Function
Sensory _________________ Gather Information
Information Is Carried To The CNS
Integrative Function
Sensory Information Used To Create
Sensations
___________________
2. How is memory stored?
thoughts
decisions
Neuron Structure
Myelination of Axons
3. What does myelin do?
White Matter
contains myelinated axons
4. Why is Myelin white?
Gray Matter
contains unmyelinated structures
cell bodies, dendrites
Classification of Neurons
Bipolar two ________________________ 5. Give an example of a bipolar neuron
eyes, ears, nose
Unipolar one process
6. Is this the most common type of neuron?
ganglia
Multipolar many processes
7. Is this the most common type of neuron?
most ___________________ of CNS
Classification of Neurons
Sensory Neurons
_______________________
carry impulse to CNS
most are unipolar
some are bipolar
8. Compare AFFERENT and EFFERENT pathways
Classification of Neurons
Interneurons
link neurons
multipolar
in CNS
Types of Neuroglial Cells
Schwann Cells
peripheral nervous system
myelinating cell
Oligodendrocytes
9. What does oligo mean?
CNS
myelinating cell
Microglia
CNS
phagocytic cell
Motor Neurons
multipolar
carry impulses _______________ from CNS
carry impulses to effectors
Astrocytes
CNS
scar tissue
mop up excess ions, etc
induce synapse formation
connect neurons to blood vessels
Ependyma
CNS
ciliated
10. What do the ependyma produce
line central canal of spinal cord
line _____________________________ of brain
Resting Membrane Potential
Inside Is _____________________ Relative To The Outside 11. Why Is It Negative?
Polarized Membrane
Due To Distribution Of Ions
Na+/K+ Pump
Potential Changes
At Rest Membrane Is __________________________
12. What Does Polarization Mean?
Threshold Stimulus Reached
Sodium Channels Open And Membrane Depolarizes
Potassium Leaves Cytoplasm And Membrane Repolarizes
Local Potential Changes
Occur on membranes of dendrites and cell bodies
Caused by various stimuli
Chemicals
Temperature Changes
Mechanical Forces
If membrane potential becomes more negative, it has hyperpolarized
If membrane potential becomes more positive, it has depolarized
Graded _____________________________ can lead to threshold stimulus that starts an action potential
13. What does summation mean?
Action Potentials
Nerve impulse
Occur on axons
All-or-none
Refractory period
absolute - time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential
relative – time when stronger threshold stimulus can start another action potential
Action Potentials
Impulse Conduction
14. Draw the Action Potential
Saltatory Conduction
The Synapse
Nerve impulses pass from neuron to neuron at synapses
Synaptic Transmission
Neuro-transmitters are released when impulse reaches synaptic knob
Synaptic Potentials
EPSP
15. Name an excitatory neurotransmitter
_____________________ postsynaptic potential
graded
depolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron
action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes more likely
IPSP
16. Name an inhibitory neurotransmitter
_______________________ postsynaptic potential
graded
hyperpolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron
action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely
Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
EPSPs and IPSPs are added together in a process called summation
More EPSPs lead to greater probability of action potential
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system, where it activates the ____________________ and
the central nervous system, where it acts as a neuromodulator upon plasticity, arousal and reward. It is one of
many neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system and the only neurotransmitter used in the motor
division of the somatic nervous system.
Dopamine
17. What disease is associated with dopamine?
Dopamine is produced in quite a few areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area.
Dopamine is also a neurohormone released by the hypothalamus. Its principle hormonal role is to inhibit the
release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Dopamine has important roles in behavior and
cognition, voluntary movement, motivation, punishment and reward, sleep, mood, attention, working memory
and learning.
Serotonin
18. What condition is associated with serotonin
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter, usually found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets and the central nervous
system. This chemical is also known as the “happiness hormone”, because it arouses feelings of pleasure and
well-being. Low levels of serotonin are associated with increased carbohydrate cravings, depression, sleep
deprivations and hypersensitivity to pain.
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA1 gene. GABA acts at inhibitory
synapses in the brain by binding to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre and
postsynaptic neuronal processes. The primary role of this neurotransmitter is to ____________________ down the
neuron activity.
Glutamate
This is the most abundant ________________________ neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is also the major
excitatory transmitter in the brain, and major mediator of excitatory signals in the mammalian central nervous
system, involved in most aspects of normal brain functions including cognition, memory and learning.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine 19. NE is also known as
These are separate but related hormones secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. These chemicals are also
produced at the ends of sympathetic nerve fibers, where they serve as chemical mediators for conveying the
nerve impulses to effector organs. They are responsible for concentration, attention, mood and both physical and
mental arousal.
Endorphins
20. This class is also known as ENDOGENOUS _________________________
Endorphins are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in vertebrates during exercise, excitement, pain,
consumption of spicy food, love and orgasm. Endorphins contribute to the feeling of well-being and act similarly
to opiates. They are also known to reduce pain and anxiety.
Neurotransmitters
21. The most common excitatory neurotransmitter is ___________________________
and it tastes like _____________________________ soup
22. The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS is ______________
and its part of a great song by the Ramones
Impulse Processing
Neuronal Pools
groups of interneurons that make synaptic connections with each other
interneurons work together to perform a common function
each pool receives input from other neurons
each pool generates output to other neurons
Convergence
neuron receives input from several neurons
incoming impulses represent information from different types of sensory receptors
allows nervous system to collect, process, and respond to information
makes it possible for a neuron to sum impulses from different sources
Divergence
one neuron sends impulses to several neurons
can amplify an impulse
impulse from a single neuron in CNS may be amplified to activate enough motor units needed for muscle contraction
Clinical Application Multiple Sclerosis
Symptoms
blurred vision
numb legs or arms
can lead to paralysis
Treatments
no cure
bone marrow transplant
interferon (anti-viral drug)
hormones
Causes
myelin destroyed in various parts of CNS
hard scars (scleroses) form
nerve impulses blocked
muscles do not receive innervation
may be related to a virus
check out the cool case study on MS in time for your next TEST ESSAY