South Africa: Brief History
Nelson Mandela
First People
• San and Khoekhoe peoples (otherwise known
individually as the Bushmen and Hottentots or
Khoikhoi; collectively called the Khoisan).
• Both were resident in the southern tip of the
continent
Original People of South Africa
• The hunter-gatherer San ranged widely over the
area
Khoekhoe lived in those comparatively wellwatered areas, chiefly along the southern and
western coastal strips, where adequate grazing was
to be found
• the Bantu-speaking people who had moved into
the north-eastern and eastern regions from the
north
First Europeans
• Jan van Riebeeck and the 90 men who landed with him
in 1652 at the Cape of Good Hope, under instructions
by the Dutch East India Company to build a fort and
develop a vegetable garden for the benefit of ships on
the Eastern trade route.
• Khoekhoe would effectively disappeared as an
identifiable group not long after first meeting the
Europeans.
British Take Over
• The British took the Cape over from the Dutch
in 1795. Seven years later, the colony was
returned to the Dutch government, only to
come under British rule again in 1806.
The Great Trek
• the Great Trek, 1834 an emigration north and
east of about 12 000 discontented Afrikaner
farmers, or Boers. These people were
determined to live independently of colonial
rule and what they saw as unacceptable racial
egalitarianism.
South Africa Mid 1800’s
• Two Boer republics were formed: the central Orange
Free State and South African Republic (Transvaal or ZAR
– Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) to its north.
• Cape of Good Hope had grown into an area of white
settlement that stretched over virtually all of what is
today South Africa.
Northern Natal territories, which were still
unmistakably the kingdom of the Zulu. Almost all were
eventually to lose the struggle against white
overlordship – British or Boer.
Diamonds
• the discovery of diamonds and subsequent
establishment of Kimberle about 1860.
Zulu Nation
• The late 19th century was an area of aggressive
colonial expansion, and the Zulus were bound to come
under pressure. But they were not to prove easy
pickings. Under King Cetshwayo, they delivered
resounding proof at Isandhlwana in 1879 that the
British army was not invincible.
• However, they were defeated in the following year,
leading to Zululand eventually being incorporated into
Natal in 1897.
•
Boer War
• Anglo-Boer/South African War began in October 1899.
Up to half a million British soldiers squared up against
some 65 000 Boers; black South Africans were pulled
into the conflict on both sides.
The war ended in Boer defeat at the Peace of
Vereeniging in 1902.
• This finally gave the British total control of South Africa
Union of South Africa
• But when the Union of South Africa came into
being on 31 May 1910, the only province with
a non-racial franchise was the Cape, and
blacks were barred from being members of
parliament. Of the estimated 6-million
inhabitants of the Union in that year, 67%
were black African, 9% coloured and 2.5%
Asian.
Repression of Black Africans
• Repressive measures to entrench white power
were not long in coming – the Masters and
Servants Act, the reservation of skilled work
for whites, pass laws, the Native Poll Tax and
the 1913 Land Act which reserved 90% of the
country for white ownership.
African National Congress (ANC)
• The African National Congress (ANC) had come
into being on January 8 1912, in Bloemfontein, in
an act of unity joining an educated elite, the rural
classes and tribal structures. The committee
included Sol Plaatje as secretary; the first
president of the ANC was the Rev John L Dube.
Both formed part of a second unsuccessful
delegation to London, this time to protest the
land grab.
ANC
• 50 years of head-to-head conflict between the
ANC and the Nationalist Party.
• In April 1944 the ANC Youth League was formed.
Its first president was AM Lembede (who died
three years later); Nelson Mandela was its
secretary. Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu were
among those who came to the fore as the
influence of the Youth League in the broader ANC
increased.
•
Apartheid
• The 1950s were to bring increasingly repressive laws
against black South Africans and its obvious corollary –
increasing resistance.
• The Group Areas Act, rigidifying the racial division of
land, and the Population Registration Act, which
classified all citizens by race, were passed in 1950. The
pass laws, restricting black movement, came in 1952.
• The Separate Amenities Act of 1953 introduced "petty
apartheid" segregation, for example, on buses and in
post offices
Resistance to Apartheid
Nelson Mandela burning his pass
book during the 1952 Defiance
Campaign
• Mass mobilization of the
Defiance Campaign, starting
in 1952. Based on nonviolent resistance, it
nevertheless led to the
jailing of thousands of
participants.
The Freedom Charter
The Freedom Charter – based on the
principles of human rights and non-racialism
– was signed on June 26 1955 at the
Congress of the People in Soweto.
Reaction was swift: the following year 156
leaders of the ANC and its allies were
charged with high treason. The longest trial
in South African history was to lead to the
acquittal of all accused in 1961.
The Sharpeville Massacre
• A turning point came at Sharpeville on March 21
1960 when a PAC-organised passive anti-pass
campaign came to a bloody conclusion with
police killing 69 unarmed protesters. A State of
Emergency was declared: detention without trial
was introduced and the ANC, PAC and other
organisations were declared illegal. The
resistance groups went underground.
The Spear of the Nation
• At the end of that year, Umkhonto we Sizwe
(The Spear of the Nation), emerged with acts
of sabotage against government installations.
Originally formed by a group of individuals
within the ANC, including Mandela, it was to
become that organization's armed wing.
Nelson Mandela
• Nelson Mandela was arrested in Natal in August 1962
and received a three-year sentence for incitement.
• In July 1963 a police raid on the Rivonia farm Lilliesleaf
led to the arrest of several of Mandela's senior ANC
colleagues, including Walter Sisulu. They were charged
with sabotage, Mandela being brought from prison to
stand trial with them. All were sentenced in 1964 to life
imprisonment and taken to Robben Island
June 16, 1976
• The moment of truth came on June 16, 1976,
when the youth of Soweto marched against
being taught in the medium of Afrikaans.
Police fired on them, precipitating a massive
flood of violence that overwhelmed the
country
Steve Biko
• A new movement known as Black
Consciousness had become increasingly
influential. The death as a result of police
brutality of its charismatic founder, Steve Biko,
shocked the world in 1977.
End of Apartheid
• On February 2 1990, FW de Klerk lifted
restrictions on 33 opposition groups, including
the ANC, the PAC and the Communist Party, at
the opening of Parliament. On February 11
Mandela, who had maintained a tough
negotiating stance on the issue, was released
after 27 years in prison
End of Apartheid
• The piecemeal dismantling of restrictive legislation began.
Political groups started negotiating the ending of white
minority rule, and in early 1992 the white electorate
endorsed De Klerk's stance on these negotiations in a
referendum.
• Violence continued unabated, a massacre at the township
of Boipatong causing the ANC to withdraw temporarily
from constitutional talks.
• In 1993, however, an agreement was reached on a
Government of National Unity which would allow a
partnership of the old regime and the new.
•
New Beginning
• South Africa's first democratic election was
held on 26, 27 and 28 April 1994, with victory
going to the ANC in an alliance with the
Communist Party and Cosatu. Nelson Mandela
was sworn in as President on May 10 with FW
de Klerk and the ANC's Thabo Mbeki as
Deputy Presidents.