PENGANTAR
EKONOMI
Screen graphics created by
H. Mustika Lukman Arief, SE.,MBA.,MM.
INTRODUCTION OF
ECONOMICS
NEED UNLIMITED
RESOURCES LIMITED
WHAT IS ECONOMICS ?
• Economics is the study of the
ways that individual and societies
allocate their limited resources to
try to satisfy their unlimited needs
•KEY WORD :
– NEED UNLIMITED
– RESOURCES LIMITED
Outline
• Introducing Mikro Ekonomi
• Permintaan & Penawaran
• Elastisitas Permintaan &
Penawaran
• Teori Tingkah Laku Konsumen
• Teori Biaya Produksi
• Pasar Persaingan Sempurna
• Pasar Persaingan Tidak Sempurna
•
•
•
•
•
Introducing Makro Ekonomi
.
Pendapatan Nasional
Keseimbangan Aggregate Dua Sektor
Keseimbangan Aggregate Tiga Sektor
Keseimbangan Aggregate Empat
Sektor
• Teori Penawaran Uang, Kurs dan
Moneter
• Neraca Pembayaran & Perdagangan
• Pertumbuhan & Pembangunan
Ekonomi
Reference
•Economics; Book 1 & 2; PA.
Samuelson
•Mikro Ekonomi; Teori Pengantar;
Sadono Sukirno; Edisi ketiga; 2005
•Makro Ekonomi; Teori Pengantar;
Sadono Sukirno; Edisi ketiga; 2005
ECONOMICS
RESOURCES:
LIMITED
NEEDS:
UNLIMITED
GAP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INFLATION
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEQUALITY
- FUNCTIONAL &
- REGIONAL
- INDIVIDUAL
POVERTY
Balance of Payment
ECONOMICS
PROBLEMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
WHAT’S
HOW
WHEN
FOR WHOM
CHOICES
OPPORTUNITY COST
1.
2.
3.
4.
NR
HR
CR
E
GOODS &
SERVICES
GAP
•RESOURCES LIMITED :
–NR, HR, CR & Entrepreneur
–GOODS & SERVICES
–CHOICES
–OPPORTUNITY COST
ECONOMICS PROBLEM
• INFLATION
• UN-EMPLOYMENT
• UN-EQUALITY : functional
& size, regional, individual
• POVERTY
TYPES OF ECONOMICS SYSTEM
• TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC
SYSTEM
• A system in which the question
what, how, for whom and
when are answered in the
same way from generation to
generation
• COMMAND ECONOMIC
.
SYSTEM
• A system in which the question what, how,
for whom and when are answered by a
central authority
• MARKET SYSTEM
• A system in which the question what, how,
for whom and when are answered through
independent decision of the people. This
often used interchange able with
capitalism
.
•MIXED ECONOMY
• An economics system in
which there are elements
of tradition, command
and the market
ACTORS OF ECONOMY
•HOUSEHOLD
–Suppliers of input factor
–Demander of goods and
services
–Payer taxes
•FIRMS
.
• Suppliers of goods and
services
• Demander of input factor
• Payer of Taxes
• GOVERNMENT
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
To protect private property
To regulate money
To produce public goods and services
To assess social cost
To regulate and maintain competition
To promote economic growth and stability
To fight poverty
To eliminate discrimination
To receive of taxes
To send of subsidy
MICRO VS MACRO
•MICROECONOMICS
• Efficiency of Resources
• Maximum Satisfaction
•MACROECONOMICS
• Government Regulation
• Demand and Supply Aggregate Activity
MACROECONOMICS ISSUES
• HIGH PERFORMANCE
GROWTH AND STABILITY
• IMPROVEMENT ECONOMIC
• PRICE STABILITY
• UN-EMPLOYMENT /
POVERTY REDUCTION
INFLUENCES OF MACRO ACTIVITY
• PRIVATE CONSUMPTION
• INVESTMENT
• GOVERNMENT
EXPENDITURE
• NET EXPORT ( EXPORT –
IMPORT )
MACROECONOMIC PROBLEM
• ECONOMIC GROWTH
• UNSTABLE OF ECO
ACTIVITY
• UNEMPLOYMENT AND
INFLATION
• TRADE AND BALANCE OF
PAYMENT
MACROECONOMIC POLICY
• FISCAL POLICY
– Government expenditures and Taxation
• MONETARY POLICY
– Control of the money supply by the
federal reserve system
• SUPPLY SIDE POLICY
– Ad Hoc policies to address specific
problems
GOAL OF MACROECONOMIC
•
•
•
•
•
RAPID GROWTH
PRICE STABILITY
INCOME EQUALITY
FULL EMPLOYMENT
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
EQUILIBRIUM
• EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF
INCOME
RAPID GROWTH
• SHIFT PRODUCTION
POSSIBILITIES CURVE AT
RATE SUCH THAT JOBS
ARE CREATED AT SAME
RATE AS GROWTH IN
LABOR FORCE
PRICE STABILITY
• SHIFT AGGREGATE
SUPPLY (AS) AND
AGGREGATE DEMAND
(AD) CURVE AT SAME
RATE
INCOME EQUALITY
• REDUCES PURCHASING
POWER OF INCOME
• TRANSFER PURCHASING
POWER FROM FIXED INCOME
RECIPIENTS
• DISTORTS INCENTIVES AND
DECISION MAKING
FULL EMPLOYMENT
• AUTOMATIC STABILIZATION
EXPENDITURE THAT RISE WHEN
UNEMPLOYMENT INCREASES
AND FALL WHEN UNEMPLOYMENT
FALLS
• UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT
• WELFARE PAYMENTS
• INCOME, SALES, AND EXCISE
TAXES
BALANCE OF PAYMENT
• BUDGET ENFORCEMENT
• Caps discretionary spending
• Creates PAYGO system  PAYGO=
applies only to NEW LEGISLATION and
Amendments to former legislation
• Created Three Categories of Spending
– Net Interest on Debt
– Discreationary Spending
– Mandatory or Direct Spending