NAZARENE COMPASSIONATE MINISTRIES
(NCM)
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
January 2013
Tel: +2684046348
info@lcc-capital.com
www.lcc-capital.com
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
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Contents
List of Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... 4
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Purpose of this study ............................................................................................................................... 6
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 8
BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 13
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Water ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Sanitation .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Forum in Swaziland .......................................................... 14
Access to WASH .............................................................................................................................. 14
WASH and Health ............................................................................................................................ 14
Water as a Human Right ................................................................................................................... 15
Sector Performance Monitoring ........................................................................................................ 15
Water, Health and Economics ........................................................................................................... 16
Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Participatory.................................................................................................................................. 16
Document Review ........................................................................................................................ 16
Information Processing and Validation ........................................................................................ 16
Sector Stakeholder Consultations ................................................................................................. 16
Stakeholder Questionnaire ............................................................................................................ 16
Site Visits ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 17
FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................ 18
European Union & WASH in Swaziland .......................................................................................... 18
UNICEF & WASH in Swaziland...................................................................................................... 18
Microprojects Cordinating Unit & WASH ....................................................................................... 19
Micro Projects Coordinating Unit Small Grants Window (SGW) .................................................... 20
Background to the Programme ..................................................................................................... 20
Objectives of the First Small Grants Window (SGW 1)............................................................... 20
Funding Available from the Contracting Authority ..................................................................... 20
Rules Governing the First Small Grants Window ........................................................................ 21
Sanitation ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Portable Water Supply .................................................................................................................. 21
Contribution by grant beneficiaries .............................................................................................. 21
Community Development Special Fund (CSDF) .................................................................................. 22
Manzini Region ................................................................................................................................. 22
Sivumelwano Lesisha Community WASH Project .......................................................................... 22
LaMgabhi Community WASH Project ............................................................................................. 22
Bhodo Community WASH Project ................................................................................................... 23
Nhlambeni Community WASH Project ............................................................................................ 23
Manzamnyama Community WASH Project ..................................................................................... 24
Shiselweni Region ................................................................................................................................. 24
Bhanganoma Community WASH Project ........................................................................................ 24
Engoleni Community WASH Project ............................................................................................... 25
Sukhumani Nyamane Community WASH Project ........................................................................... 25
Nazarene Compassionate Ministries Swaziland (NCM-SD)................................................................. 26
Water and Sanitation ......................................................................................................................... 26
Water for Generation Solar Project ................................................................................................... 27
Swaziland Government Wash Sector Financing ................................................................................... 28
MANZINI ......................................................................................................................................... 29
SHISELWENI................................................................................................................................... 34
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LUBOMBO....................................................................................................................................... 41
HHOHHO ......................................................................................................................................... 44
Table 11.
Government WASH Expenditure 2006/7 ................................................................... 47
Table 12.
Government WASH Expenditure 2008/9 ................................................................... 48
Table 14.
Government WASH Expenditure 2011/12 ................................................................. 50
KEY FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 51
WASH Forum ................................................................................................................................... 51
Functional Overlaps .......................................................................................................................... 51
WASH Funding................................................................................................................................. 51
Government Commitment to WASH ................................................................................................ 51
Monitoring and Evaluation of WASH Programmes ......................................................................... 51
Programme Implementation .............................................................................................................. 51
Implementation Gaps – Government Funded/Driven Projects ......................................................... 52
Research and Development ............................................................................................................... 52
Policy Gap ......................................................................................................................................... 54
Government Structures ..................................................................................................................... 54
RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 54
WASH Forum ................................................................................................................................... 54
Functional Overlaps .......................................................................................................................... 54
WASH Funding................................................................................................................................. 54
Programme Implementation .............................................................................................................. 54
WASH Policy.................................................................................................................................... 55
Document Review ................................................................................................................................. 56
People Interviewed ................................................................................................................................ 56
Stakeholders Present During ToR Presentation .................................................................................... 56
WASH Stakeholder Questionnaire Distribution List ............................................................................ 57
Stakeholder Questionnaire .................................................................................................................... 58
Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Financing Questionnaire ............................................................. 59
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List of Acronyms
ART
-
Anti Retroviral Treatment
CDC
-
Commonwealth Development Corporation
CDSF
-
Community Development Special Fund
CLP
-
Community Linkage Project
CEC
-
Community Expert Client
DWA
-
Department of Water Affairs
EDF
-
European Development Fund
EU
-
European Union
FBO
-
Faith Based Organisations
GETF
-
Global Environment Technical Foundation
HBC
-
Home Based Care
HIV
-
Human Immuno Virus
JMP
-
Joint Monitoring Programme
NCM
-
Nazarene Compassionate Ministries
NSA
-
Non State Actors
NGO
-
Non Governmental Organisations
MoNRE
-
Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy
MDG
-
Millennium Development Goals
MPP
-
Micro Projects Programme
MPCU
-
Micro Projects Coordination Unit
MoHSW
-
Ministry of Health
RHM
-
Rural Health Motivator
RWSB
-
Rural Water Supply Branch
SGW
-
Small Grants Window
SNHI
-
Swaaziland Nazarene Health Institutions
SWSC
-
Swaziland Water Services Corporation
SWADE
-
Swaziland Water and Agricultural Development Enterprises
TCCAF
-
The Cola Cola Africa Foundation
TOR
-
Terms of Reference
WAG
-
Water for a Generation
WASH
-
Water and Sanitation Hygiene
WHO
-
World Health Organisation
PRSAP
-
Poverty Reduction Strategy and Action Plan
UNICEF
-
United Nations Childrens Ermergency Fund
UN
-
United Nations
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List of Tables
Table 1
Government Annual WASH Allocation
Table 2
Macro Water Supply Schemes in the Manzini Region
Table 3
Micro Water Supply Schemes in the Manzini Region
Table 4
Macro Water Supply Schemes in the Shiselweni Region
Table 5
Micro Water Supply Schemes in the Shiselweni Region
Table 6
Conclusive Summary of Shiselweni Region Coverage
Table 7
Macro Water Supply Schemes in the Lubombo Region
Table 8
Micro Rural Water Supply Schemes in the Lubombo Region
Table 9
Macro Reticulated Schemes in the Hhohho Region
Table 10
Micro Handpumps and Protected Springs in the Hhohho Region
Table 11
Government WASH Expenditure 2006/7
Table 12
Government WASH Expenditure 2008/9
Table 13
Swaziland Water Services Corporation Macro Projects
Table 14
Government WASH Expenditure 2008/9
Table 15
Summary of WASH Coverage in Manzini Region
Table 16
Summary of WASH Coverage in Shiselweni Region
Table 17
Summary of WASH Coverage in Lubombo Region
Table 18
Summary of WASH Coverage in Hhohho Region
Table 19
Summary of WASH National Coverage
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Purpose of this study
This study was commissioned by the Nazarene Compassionate Ministries (NCM) on behalf of
Government of Swaziland through the Department of Water Affairs to determine the levels of
investment in Water Supply and Sanitation Health Sector from the national budgets and other sources
of funding and establish allocations as approved by parliament and actual funding trends for the fiscal
years April 2007 to March 2012 (5year Period). It is also aimed at highlighting the commitment from
sector players to increasing access to portable water, sanitation and hygiene.
This study aims to establish trends in two (2) regions of Swaziland, these being the Shiselweni and
Manzini regions, the necessary improvements and efficiencies required in the delivery of WASH
programs in order for Swaziland to reach target number 3 of Millenium Development Goal (MDG)
number 7, that is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation.
It is therefore envisaged that the findings and recommendations of the study will assist in identifying
areas in the sector that need improvement, enable the capacity development of service providers thus
ensuring that Swaziland achieves its objectives of through policy recommendations on how to attain
national and international goals such as MDGs on water and sanitation.
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Acknowledgements
LCC Capital Consulting takes this opportunity to express gratitude to the Nazarene Compassionate
Ministries for being afforded the opportunity to undertake this important exercise. Special thanks are
extended to the Director of the Department of Water Affairs, the leadership of NCM and Secretariat of
the WASH Forum, for the guidance and support received during the execution of this project.
Further thanks are extended to all interviewees who provided valuable time and input to this report
including the ever dedicated staff of LCC Capital. We hope that the findings and recommendations
captured herein shall assist the Forum and Government to improve the implementation of the WASH
programme in Swaziland.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The Swaziland Poverty Reduction Strategy and Action Plan (PRSAP, 2007) is of one of the national
strategy documents that recognize poor water access and sanitation as a social characteristic associated
with poverty that needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency. It also recognizes that deprivation of
sanitation forms part of physiological and social deprivations under priviledged citizens and water as a
sustained threat undermining food security.
Water
The traditional sources of water in Swaziland have always been: springs, rivers, small ponds, small
lakes, dams, ground water and rainwater. Swaziland has an average rainfall of 788mm/year, with 75%
falling from October to March.
Sanitation
Traditional sanitation facilities in Swaziland generally include: septic tanks, pits, a dry latrine, and
bucket latrines, a pour flush latrine, or facilities that empty into a sewerage system. Sanitation
coverage is estimated at between 59%-63% of the country. In rural areas the situation is worse than
urban settings with only 46% sanitation coverage.
Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Forum in Swaziland
The Forum is comprised of organizations, institutions and citizens who have an interest in water
supply, sanitation and health initiatives and membersip is voluntary. The key objectives of the WASH
Forum are:
1. To keep every Swazi knowledgeable about WASH sector related information in Swaziland.
2. To enhance networking for cooperation and collaboration amongst WASH stakeholders.
3. To learn from each other’s experience and best practices to improve on future partnerships in
WASH
4. To provide technical assistance to Government, especially during droughts and other disasters.
5. To measure, monitor and evaluate programmes and progress of WASH projects implemented
by each member organisation.
FINDINGS
European Union & WASH in Swaziland
The European Union (EU) and the Government of Swaziland signed a Financing Agreement under
which the EU will provide an additional € 7 million (E75 million) to support the provision of water
and sanitation at the Matsanjeni area in the Shiselweni region. 15,000 people were identified as
beneficiaries of the project whose agreement was signed in December 2012 in addition to a € 12
million (E120 million) agreement signed in July 2012.
UNICEF & WASH in Swaziland
UNICEF works in more than 90 countries around the world to improve water supplies and sanitation
facilities in schools and communities, and to promote safe hygiene practices. UNICEF funds a wide
range of activities and works with many partners, including families, communities, governments and
like-minded organizations. Over the past five years the UNICEF’s WASH funding in Swaziland has
varied from USD 50,000 (SZL400,000) to 120,000 (SZL 950,000) per year.
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Microprojects Cordinating Unit & WASH
In the designing and implementation of water supply schemes the Micro Projects Programme (MPP)
collaborates with the Rural Water Supply Branch (RWSB), which is the autonomous unit within the
Ministry of Natural Resouces and Energy (MNRE). The MPP has been implement the Small Grants
Window (SGW) project funded by the European Union (EU) The Financing Agreement for the latest
EU supported component of the overall Micro Projects Programme was signed on 31st March 2010,
committing the EU to fund around EUR 5.39m (SZL 52m), with a Government contribution of
approximately EUR 2.6m (SZL 24.5m). Contributions from other stakeholders are expected to be
around SZL11.3m. The programme will finish on 31st March 2014. The tables below shows the value
of SGW projects implemented in the Manzini and Shiselweni Regions.
CSDF Summary of Manzini Region (E)
1985566
2000000
1393893
1512014
1500000
749890
1000000
272619
500000
0
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
CSDF Summary of Shiselweni Region (E)
2000000
1393893
1512014
1500000
1000000
749890
500000
0
2009
2010
2011
Nazarene Compassionate Ministries Swaziland (NCM-SD)
Nazarene Compassionate Ministries Swaziland (NCM-SD) has undertaken and implemented various
projects in Swaziland in water, sanitation and hygiene. Recently NCM-SD partnered with WaterAid
to drive a 6 month water and sanitation project in Swaziland in 2012 at a cost of E1.1 million. NCMSD partnered with the Coca-Cola Africa Foundation (TCCAF) on this project, who provided funding
for half the project cost of E6.5 million for the first six months with the intention of: demonstrating
capacity of solar wells, facilitating the establishment of 7-14 distribution points per site, and achieving
the standard of having a person accessing 20 litres of clean water per day within 1 km of a water point
as per the WHO standard.
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Swaziland Government Wash Sector Financing
There are two types of Rural Water Supply Schemes (RWSS);
i)
Macro (Reticulated Schemes)
The budget allocated was for drilling (in cases of boreholes as sources), training and
mobilisation of recipient communities and procurement of construction materials.
ii)
Micro (Hand-pump and Protected Springs)
The budget allocated was for citing, drilling and procurement of construction materials for
the micro schemes and over the past 5 years, government has committed the following to
WASH projects:
FINANCIAL YEAR
BUDGET ALLOCATION AMOUNT (E )
2008- 2009
32 M
2009- 2010
30 M
2010- 2011
30 M
2011-2012
19 M
2012-2013
24 M
Total Budget
135 M
KEY FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS
WASH Forum
The establishment of this forum was a good idea, including the initial objectives especially that of
networking and sharing information among stakeholders. It was established however, that there is no
meaningful coordination at the forum level due to a number of reasons.
Functional Overlaps
The study could not ascertain who is doing what where as a direct result of the above stated and where
information is supplied at times it is so scanty and inadequate to be utilized. It is in this regard that the
study could not rule out the possibility of gross functional overlaps from implementing organizations,
working with identical communities and further providing identical interventions.
WASH Funding
Even though funding may never be considered enough, in the African context, it can be safely
concluded that there is considerable funding for WASH programmes in Swaziland and that
government needs to upscale its funding in order to meet the WHO benchmark of 0.5% of GDP.
Monitoring and Evaluation of WASH Programmes
This aspect of the program at Forum level is almost non-existent with each stakeholder seemingly
concerned about their own interests that are donor driven and never driven by national goals. Firstly
in collaboration with earlier findings, there is no availability of ready to use data and statistics.
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Programme Implementation
It was noted that the WASH programme is implemented by different stakeholders in primarily 3 ways.
Firstly, predominantly from government driven and funded projects, the programme takes the form of
a “donation”, and understandably so because it is the duty of government to provide suitable
infrastructure to its citizens as part of service provision. The second is where the beneficiary
community is invited to participate in the programme through the provision of labour. The third
model is where the community is required to contribute financially as well as materially to the project.
Implementation Gaps – Government Funded/Driven Projects
The CSDF projects in particular have had meaningful impact on the communities where they have
been implemented. It was however observed that there are preventative maintenance measures put in
place, post implementation to prevent breakdowns especially of the boreholes. Furthermore, there is
no technical support provided when the pumps eventually broke down. Currently the percentage
average of functional coverage is 60.25% as the following tables.
Summary Of Manzini WASH Coverage
Name of
Region
Region’s Total
Rural
Population
Manzini
351 058
Existing
Schemes
Status of
Schemes
Total
Population
Currently
Served
278 micro
173
functional
92 808
46 functional
209 325
131 macro
Percentage
of Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently not
Served
52 %
48,945
It was noted that there is no rehabilitation of the non- functional macro schemes as most areas are now
over populated and training of both community members and water committees was not undertaken
coupled with the fact that the majority of these schemes have exceeded their 20 year life span. On the
other hand the micro schemes are threatened by the fact that majority of the mountain sources dry up
during the dry winter season.
.
Summary Of Shiselweni WASH Coverage
Name of
Region
Region’s
Total Rural
Population
Shiselweni
217 452
Existing
Schemes
Status of
Schemes
Total
Population
Currently
Served
277 micro
166
functional
41 500
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently not
Served
49 %
110 715
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62 macro
27
65 237
functional
Whilst the region may face severe poverty, the people’s willingness to work is commendable, however
national statics indicate an increase in mortality rates as a result of various sanitary causes undermines
this committment.
Policy Gap
During the currency of this study the Consultant was not availed adequate project documents to be
able to ascertain whether the implementers where indeed aligning their programmes fully and in
tandem to the priority areas as identified by government. The lack of responsiveness and willingness
to participate in this study could be an indication that the non-participating organizations may be noncompliant. The lack of clear sector coordination is indicative of the absence of an instrument
compelling stakeholders to comply.
Government Structures
The Government WASH structure starts with the Ministries of Natural Resource and Energy and
Health followed by the Regional Offices, Community Development Department (CDD) at the
Ministry of Tinkundla and Development then the community leadership and finally the community
RECOMMENDATIONS
WASH Forum
It is recommended that the CDD be part of the Forum and that the CDD should take the lead in
ensuring that all implementers and stakeholders working with communities in Swaziland be duly
registered with it as per the provisions of its 2010-15 strategic plan. It is also recommended that
membership in the Forum should be mandatory for all implementers and stakeholders involved in the
WASH programme in communities in Swaziland.
Functional Overlaps
It is recommended that all implementers and stakeholders should table their project plans to the Forum
to ensure even distribution of the programme across the country taking full cognizance of the dire
needs of the Lubombo and Shiselweni regions that tend to be prone to natural disaster upscaling the
need for assistance.
WASH Funding
It is recommended that the Forum should be more diligent in requiring the tabling of project reports by
its members to ensure continued funding from existing donors.
Programme Implementation
It is recommended that the implementers design effective post implementation strategies to ensure that
interventions provided to communities remain sustainable e.g. training on borehole maintenance,
facilitating the establishment of community funds to be used to maintain as well as upgrade the
supplied infrastructure.
WASH Policy
The Draft National Water Policy identifies the Water Department at MNRE as the custodian of water
issues in Swaziland and does not compel WASH implementers to submit reports to the department.
Based on the aforestated in earlier sections of this report, it is hereby recommended that the Water
Department should facilitate the adoption of the Draft National Water Policy compelling all WASH
stakeholders to register with the Department and further provide reports as per the requirements of the
regulations. This will address the noted policy gaps and further empower the Forum as an effective
platform to share data, projects as well as lessons learnt.
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BACKGROUND
Introduction
Swaziland regards sanitation as a key component of the strategy for poverty eradication and upliftment
of the livelihood of Swazis and it is included in important national policies such as: the National
Health Policy (2007), and the National Environmental Health Policy (2002), and it is further envisaged
that the focus on sanitation will be strengthened by the National Water Policy, which is currently at
draft stage. The Swaziland Poverty Reduction Strategy and Action Plan (PRSAP, 2007) recognizes
poor water access and sanitation as a social characteristic associated with poverty that needs to be
addressed as a matter of urgency. It recognizes that deprivation of sanitation forms part of
physiological and social deprivations under priviledged citizens and water as a sustained threat
undermining food security.
Water
The traditional sources of water in Swaziland have always been: springs, rivers, small ponds, small
lakes, dams, ground water and rainwater. Swaziland has four main rivers cutting across the entire
country and these are: the Komati and Lomati systems; the Mbuluzi River; the Usuthu River; and the
Ngwavuma. Maguga Dam is currently the largest dam of the 8 other dams and it is used primarily for
generating hydroelectricity as well as being the main source for downstream development in the
Komati area. Swaziland has an average rainfall of 788mm/year, with 75% falling from October to
March.
In March 2012 the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children Education
Fund (UNICEF) completed the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation in
Swaziland. The current population disbursement is 933,000 people living in rural areas and only
253,000 living in urban areas. The study confirmed that in Swaziland, 25.3% of homesteads in rural
areas had access to piped water, 59.4% had improved water sources, and 25.8% were using surface
water. This varies considerably from urban areas where 75% of homes have piped water, 90.6% an
improved water source, and only 5% are using surface water.
In December 2011 WaterAid undertook a pilot water point mapping exercise of 2,689 water points in
8 Tinkundla’s in the country and confirmed that: 41.4% water points were either partially or nonfunctional with 54.81% were functional. Mpolonjeni Inkundla’s had the highest number of nonfunctional boreholes and the documented reasons for this were burst pipes and or underdeveloped
structures.
Sanitation
Traditional sanitation facilities in Swaziland generally include: septic tanks, pits, a dry latrine, and
bucket latrines, a pour flush latrine, or facilities that empty into a sewerage system. Studies have
identified a consistent link between the levels of poverty and the types of facilities used (WASHing
Away Poverty, 2011). Studies further indicate that an estimated 78% of people living in poverty
defecate openly as they do not have access to facilities, 66% use traditional pit latrines, 53% use
ventilated pit (VIP) latrines and only 23% of persons living in poverty are using flush facilities.
Sanitation coverage is estimated at between 59%-63% of the country. In rural areas the situation is
worse than urban settings with only 46% sanitation coverage.
Poor sanitation coverage and hygiene practices potentially fuel the incidents of diarrhoea,
malnutrition, infectious diseases, and early death as well including mortality rates among children
under the age of 5. There is also an estimated 20% infection rate of bilharzias in the Middleveld and
Lubombo plateau due to high number of stagnant water pools. Swaziland remains amongst the
countries with the highest human immune virus (HIV) infection rate in the world as well as highest
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tubercolosis (TB) infection rate, which makes access to both clean water and sanitation facilities a
necessity.
During the same WaterAid water point mapping exercise conducted in December 2011, it was found
that 78.3% of households in the 8 Tinkundla’s surveyed had toilets and 21.7% did not. Mpolonjeni
had some of the highest percentages of people without access to sanitation facilities consistent with the
high number of dysfunctional boreholes. In this Inkhundla approximately 607 homesteads did not
have access to toilets, a health hazard in such a highly populated area.
Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Forum in Swaziland
The revival of the WASH Forum in Swaziland was precipitated by the 2007 drought and it was
initiated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (MoNRE) and the then Ministry of Health
and Social Welfare (MoHSW). The Chairperson of the forum is appointed by the Director of Water
Affairs in the MoNRE. Membership in the WASH forum is open to organizations, institutions and
citizens who have an interest in water supply, sanitation and health initiatives. The key objectives of
the WASH Forum are:
6. To keep every Swazi knowledgeable about WASH sector related information in Swaziland.
7. To enhance networking for cooperation and collaboration amongst WASH stakeholders.
8. To learn from each other’s experience and best practices to improve on future partnerships in
WASH
9. To provide technical assistance to Government, especially during droughts and other disasters.
10. To measure, monitor and evaluate programmes and progress of WASH projects implemented
by each member organisation.
Swaziland is currently embarking on a national water point source and sanitation mapping exercises.
This exercise will strengthen the existing monitoring and evaluation function in the office of
Community Development in the Ministry of Tinkunda, the Department of Water Affairs in the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy as well as the Environmental Health Department in the
Ministry of Health.
Access to WASH
There are a number of ways to measure access, and governments often use a combination of databases
and household surveys. These surveys are usually carried out by each government in their own way,
with different definitions and parameters, which means that the results are usually not comparable
across countries. In order to overcome this problem, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) collates government surveys and standardises them in order to
produce comparable figures. JMP is the official United Nations mechanism tasked with monitoring
progress towards the Millennium Development Goals' (MDGs) drinking water and sanitation target.
WASH and Health
Lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene remains one of the world’s most urgent health issues.
Hence the epidemiological evidence and economic arguments for fully integrating water, sanitation
and hygiene in Swaziland’s disease reduction strategies, which are a pre-requisite to achieving the
Millennium Development Goals.
Diarrhoea is the second biggest killer of children in Swaziland it is mainly spread by pathogens from
human waste being transferred from people's hands to their mouths, or through drinking water
contaminated with human faeces (Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey, 2000). If people drink safe
water, use a decent toilet, and wash their hands at critical times (such as before eating), they are far
less likely to ingest the pathogens that cause diarrhoea.
There are other diseases that kill large numbers of people, which can be prevented by adequate
WASH. The most important of these is pneumonia, the biggest killer of children in Africa responsible
for 18% of all child deaths (www.childinfo.org). One of the common ways through which pneumonia
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is transmitted is via dirty hands, and hand washing with soap has been found to reduce pneumonia by
up to 50%.
Water as a Human Right
Increasing attention is now being given to using the 'right to water' to shape policy and action and to
taking a human rights approach to development and water programmes. The term "human rights"
refers to those rights and freedoms essential for human survival, liberty and dignity that have been
recognised by the global community and protected by international conventions and treaties and
nationally translated into policy.
Human rights are not limited to things such as freedom of speech, but include all those rights essential
for human survival and development in dignity. They include the right to a standard of living adequate
for health and wellbeing among others including the right to education.
In 2002 the UN adopted 'General Comment No. 15' on the right to water, which provides guidelines
for member states on the interpretation of the right to water. It affirms that the human right to water
entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal
and domestic uses. It also outlines associated member states obligations regarding respecting,
protecting and fulfilling the right to water for all citizens. The MDG’s for the Kingdom of Swaziland
on water and sanitation aspire for all communities to have access to good quality water supply by 2015
as well as universal access to safe, affordable and acceptable sanitation and drinking water for all by
2022.
Sector Performance Monitoring
In order to increase access to water and sanitation and target the poorest people, it becomes imperative
to know what progress is being made and where. This is necessary in order to build on successes and
highlight problem areas while ascertaining the impact of interventions. Without good monitoring, it is
impossible to know whether governments and implementing partners are in essence meeting targets
such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the case of Swaziland. Sector performance
monitoring is therefore crucial, both for measuring progress as well committing funds and resources to
the sections of the populace that need them the most.
There are a number of different ways of measuring progress. For example, by using household surveys
or inventories of water and sanitation facilities linked to sector information management systems
(SIMS) as well as baseline surveys. All these approaches have varied limitation and challenges and
getting reliable data is often difficult.
Monitoring activities are often conducted by a range of different actors within government, for
example the different ministries in charge of water, sanitation, health or planning, as well as the
national statistics office.
Donors, United Nations (UN) agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often utilize
customized approaches to data collection, review and monitoring. This diverse approach at times
resultant from ineffective coordination may result in the duplication of efforts, and or contradictions
between statistic and figures published by the different stakeholders operating at the national-level.
WaterAid has identified Sector Performance Monitoring as an integral part in promoting learning as
well as strengthening accountability in the sector. A good example is water point mapping activities
which, on the one hand, can help improve understanding of issues such as water quality or
functionality. On the other hand, they can be used to hold governments and donor agencies
accountable for the quality of services delivered.
In December 2009, Water Aid co-organised a monitoring workshop for countries in the Southern
Africa region in collaboration with the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water-Supply
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and Sanitation (JMP), the UN mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards the water and
sanitation MDGs.
The workshop brought together senior level representatives of national institutions involved in
monitoring from four countries in the region (Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia). Other
participants included representatives from Lesotho, the Southern African Development Community
(SADC), the African Development Bank (ADB), and the World Bank's Water and Sanitation
Programme (WSP).
Water, Health and Economics
Assessing the costs and impacts of different technical and policy actions provides a critical input to
decision taking and policy making. This report aims at assisting policy and decision makers in the
development and application methods to apply such analysis to water sanitation and hygiene
interventions and work with global and regional partners to undertake and monitor these programs. A
major area of work is to adapt these methods so that they are appropriate for use at national and project
scales.
Methodology
Participatory
The consultants used a rapid participatory approach that includes stakeholder interviews and
consultations as well as key stakeholders in the sector. Where possible the consultants sought to
interview and consult people at executive management level or Program Managers. A comprehensive
list was developed by the consultants and forwarded for review to the NCM focal point officers who
also had an input in the final list of stakeholders earmarked for interviews.
Document Review
A list was developed by the consultants of all documents deemed relevant to the study, including but
not limited to the following: governement WASH budget, annual reports of different organizations,
research and scientific reports of the WASH sector in Swaziland and the region, various studies
conducted by the MNRE, NCM and other institutions.
Information Processing and Validation
All data obtained from the above stated processes was analyzed in such a manner required by the
objectives of the study. This data was meant to be cross checked and validated against the findings of
the document review. Information obtained from the beneficiay community members was validated
through secondary consultation with the relevant stakeholders, this process led to the opinions
expressed by the consultant in this report.
Sector Stakeholder Consultations
The Consultant met with the Technical Working Group from the Nazareene Compassionate
Ministries. The Consultant met with officials from the Department of Water Affairs in the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Energy to brief them on the terms of reference of the study and the assistance
we will need from the Department with regards to obtaining the government budgets for WASH
initiatives. In November 2012 the Consultant met with the WASH National Technical Working
Group at the UNICEF Conference Room in Mbabane. A detailed brief on the study being conducted
was presented to the stakeholders present on the day.
Stakeholder Questionnaire
Pursuant to this meeting the questionnaire was then circulated to all stakeholders (see Attachments) for
a second time and furthermore face to face interviews were requested with the various individuals and
organisations. The first section comprised general questions to determine the individual organizational
motivation and challenges faced.
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The second section was structured to address the normative and cross-cutting criteria/practices that the
consultant is looking at in the sector financing fields of sanitation and water. Normative criteria
covered areas including: availability, accessibility, quality/safety, affordability and acceptability. All
these criteria have to be met for the full accountability of all stakeholders to the Water Policy, the
specific measure focusing on one of the normative criterion, sector finance, and not necessarily a
comprehensive approach aimed at the full realization of the actual water supply and sanitation MDG.
Site Visits
The Consultant undertook site visits to projects sites to review the impact of the projects on the
ground, triangulate the reports to the project objectives as well as ascertained status quo on the ground.
The Consultant engaged the designated beneficiaries on the interventions provided, and the impact
they had, with keen interest on sustainability.
Limitations
The project timeline was exceeded due to lack of positive response and cooperation from most of the
sector players coupled with the trickling in of information required by the consultant.
In addition thereto most of the information supplied especially from Government had a nationally
consolidated amount that required unpacking so as to meet the TOR’s that specified that these should
be for the Sheselweni and Manzini regions. These consolidated costs made it difficult for the
consultant to assess specific projects in the various regions, other than those under the auspices of the
Microprojects Coordinating Unit and NCM.
The assessment of the individual projects was supposed to identify how these areas had been
selected/identified and provide information regarding the transparency, participation of citizens’ in the
budget making process and the description of fund allocations and utilization in the different
geographical locations. Furthermore, this assessment was meant to ascertain whether the budget
information is easily available, are institutions willing to listen to the citizens’ and involve them in the
budget making process so their needs are reflected.
In view of the above the consultant could not project trends of ideal yearly budgetary allocations to
water and sanitation sector for the period 2010 and 2015 in order to meet the 2015 MDG target, nor
could they make policy recommendations on how to attain national and international goals such as
MDGs on water and sanitation. Another challenge the Consultant encountered was the majority of
these officials were no longer attached to these organisations and the current incumbents were not
forthcoming with information and refused to cooperate.
The entire study was generally not well received by most implementers as evidenced by the low
response. The general feeling was that the information we sought was private to their organisations
and could not be desseminated to third parties.
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FINDINGS
European Union & WASH in Swaziland
The European Union (EU) and the Government of Swaziland signed a Financing Agreement under
which the EU will provide an additional € 7 million (E75 million) to support the provision of water
and sanitation at the Matsanjeni area in the Shiselweni region. 15,000 people were identified as
beneficiaries of the project whose agreement was signed in December 2012 in addition to a € 12
million (E120 million) agreement signed in July 2012.
This will bring the total beneficiaries of the EU sponsored WASH projects to over 60,000 Swazis
(approximately 5.7% of the population). It concerns the populations of three selected areas, namely
Siphofaneni in the Lubombo region, Somntongo and Matsanjeni areas in the Shiselweni region. The
main objective of this project is to contribute to Swaziland reaching target 3 of MDG 7, that is to
halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation.
The project aims to upgrade existing water treatment plants, expand the treated potable water network
and provide improved sanitation facilities. The project will be implemented in close partnership with
the Government, Swaziland Water Services Corporation (SWSC) and non-state actors. The
distribution of the water will take place through community-owned water kiosks. The management of
these kiosks will be in the hands of kiosk managers who will work in partnership with SWSC.
The Swaziland National Assessment Report of 2002 identified Shiselweni and Lubombo as the
poorest regions in the country. Moreover, these regions have annual rainfalls of 200mm/year
compared to more than 1000mm/year in other parts of Swaziland.
UNICEF & WASH in Swaziland
UNICEF works in more than 90 countries around the world to improve water supplies and sanitation
facilities in schools and communities, and to promote safe hygiene practices. UNICEF funds a wide
range of activities and works with many partners, including families, communities, governments and
like-minded organizations. In emergencies UNICEF provides urgent relief to communities and nations
threatened by disrupted water supplies and disease. All UNICEF WASH programmes are designed to
contribute to the Millennium Development Goal for water and sanitation.
UNICEF supported the Water Relief fund in 2007 and become part of the Secretariat and coordination
focal organisation. UNICEF is not an implementer however its target over the past years and for next
three remaining years of its current country program will be areas in Lubombo and Shiselweni region.
These two regions were identified as water and sanitation deprived areas in UNICEF’s 2009
situational analysis of the country.
The country programme that UNICEF is on was developed through joint consultations with
Government on UNICEF’s targets for the coming years. UNICEF develops its annual work plans in a
way that the outputs are helping government meet her targets. Furthermore it is a key partner and is
always kept in the loop when government is planning any WASH related activities.
As earlier indicated the UNICEF WASH program is built on the targets that government has set. As
from 2013, it will align its programme to fit within the recently completed Integrated Water Resources
Master Plan.
The office has an M&E department that offers support to all UNICEF programs, it is currently
modifying the M&E tools for field monitoring for better monitoring the projects. Built within the
annual work plans are progress indicators that are used to track progress made. On a monthly basis all
sections, including WASH, have to give feedback on progress made over the month.
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As indicated earlier UNICEF are not implementers, however as a partner supporting government it has
been noted that in a number of programmes there are serious staff shortages. This has been a challenge
especially in hygiene promotion. Water supply drilling costs have proven to be a bottleneck to
progress in provision of water to Swazis, independent drillers have seen this programme as a cash cow
or get rich quick scheme. The fiscal crisis has not made things easy with government suspending
overtime; this has caused government staff to be reluctant to work beyond the time allocated and
justifiably so.
The partners in the sector are well coordinated in as far as knowing who are in the sector. Members
have met at various forums where they have shared what they are doing and where, this has reduced
duplication of efforts and has resulted in organisations partnering to tackle projects in common areas
and this has been one of UNICEF’s great successes. The forum has also supported members in
submission of calls for proposals, which some members have benefited from.
A lot has been done in the Sector on what we term as “HARDWARE” that is construction of toilets
and water supply systems, however people still suffer from water related illnesses. It is clear that there
is a gap in behaviour changes among users. There is a great opportunity in reinforcing the
“SOFTWARE” component that is hygiene education, which it is believed will increase the accrued
results that should have been seen after installation of the HARDWARE in communities and schools.
The WASH Forum meetings are playing their part in ensuring information sharing. This research
comes at an opportune time where the forum is reviewing what it can do better as a forum. The
monthly meetings have allowed the forum to know various aspects of the sector, which were mainly in
the back ground, but this year have surfaced and these have been discussed and deliberated at length.
It is unfortunate for Swaziland that this is almost the 10th year with the WASH policy still in draft
form and it was overtaken by the Water Act. The Act does not speak to potable water supply. The
policy has a big role to play in ensuring that this aspect of water is clearly articulated. It was the
WASH forum’s intention to have a Technical Working Group retreat to look at the policy limitations
of the sector, which would have included individual submissions toward finalisation of the water
policy and draft a way forward toward having Rural Water Supply Guidelines which are needed
within the sector.
Over the past five years the UNICEF’s WASH funding in Swaziland has varied from USD 50,000
(SZL400,000) to 120,000 (SZL 950,000) per year. The impact cannot be substantiated as the WASH
program is only in its second year. For previous country programmes one would have to get access to
the situational analysis before the 2009 analysis to see if there was any significant change before this
country program.
UNICEF has WASH as one of its core sections from HQ and at Regional Office. The organisation is
the lead agency on WASH and supports greatly in WASH emergency response.
Microprojects Cordinating Unit & WASH
In the designing and implementation of water supply schemes the Micro Projects Programme (MPP)
collaborates with the Rural Water Supply Branch (RWSB), which is the autonomous unit within the
Ministry of Natural Resouces and Energy (MNRE). It is a government policy that the responsibility
for approval of designs and plans for all water supply systems constructed in rural areas must be
established under standards set by the RWSB. The development process within MPP guides
communities in determining the appropriate water schemes taking into account their environment such
as the water sources and the number of households participating in the scheme. Upon collection of all
information the RWSB is brought on board to provide the necessary designs and support to MPP in
order to develop an appropirate project brief with accurate project estimates.
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Construction tender documentation, selection of contractors and project implementation supervision is
also achieved through close support from the RWSB. After project completion MPP officially
transfers the project to communitees for maintenance and rehabilitation. RSWB then provides
backstopping maintenance support to sustain the system. Over the years the backlog of applications
for water schemes, which has been attributted to the lack of designs resulted in MPP considering the
outsourcing option so as to meet the acute shortages of clean potable, which has been stifled by lack of
designs.
Micro Projects Coordinating Unit Small Grants Window (SGW)
Background to the Programme
The objective of the SGW to improve sanitation and water supplies in primary schools situated in rural
and peri urban areas. The 10th European Development Fund (EDF) Micro Projects Programme (MPP)
follows previous European Union (EU) supported micro projects interventions in Swaziland that have
been implemented since 1975. The Financing Agreement for the latest EU supported component of the
overall Micro Projects Programme was signed on 31st March 2010, committing the EU to fund around
EUR 5.39m (SZL 52m), with a Government contribution of approximately EUR 2.6m (SZL 24.5m).
Contributions from other stakeholders are expected to be around SZL11.3m. The programme will
finish on 31st March 2014.
The programme will award grants to Non State Actors (NSAs), such as NGOs and Community-Based
Organisations, to implement demand driven projects. The MPP Coordination Unit (MPPCU),
operating under the supervision of the Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, will launch
three themed Calls for Proposals for larger projects, culminating in the award of grants to successful
applicants of a value of up to EUR 150,000 (SZL 1,410,000.00). These are complemented by a Small
Grants facility known as Small Grant Windows (SGWs), of which there will also be three. The SGWs
will award grants of a value between SZL 47,000 and SZL 93,800 to community-based and other local
Swazi organisations. These guidelines relate to procedures governing the operation of the first Small
Grants Window (SGW1), specifically addressing sanitation and water supply issues at Primary
Schools in rural and peri-urban areas.
Objectives of the First Small Grants Window (SGW 1)
SGW 1 will complement other activities intended to improve water and sanitation facilities in rural
and peri-urban areas to ensure equitable access to sanitation and water. However, as it focuses only on
Primary Schools, it will also contribute to the country’s endeavours at achieving Millennium
Development Goal (MDG) 2 (relating to the realisation of universal primary education), as well as
MDG 7’s target of halving the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water
and basic sanitation by 2015. The latter MDG is particularly relevant where improvements in water
supply and sanitation at schools bring about a demonstration effect, enhancing the appreciation of the
importance of good sanitation and safe drinking water within the wider community
SGW 1 is divided into 2 lots as follows:
1. Construction of sanitation facilities at primary schools.
2. Rehabilitation/ Extension/ Upgrading/ Construction of micro level water supply schemes at
primary schools.
Funding Available from the Contracting Authority
The overall indicative amount made available under SGW1 is EUR 365,000, which is equivalent to
approximately SZL 3.43m. However, the Contracting Authority reserves the right not to award all
available funds. It is anticipated that around 45% will be awarded to grants under lot 1 (sanitation) and
55% under lot 2 (water supply). The minimum size of grant available from the Contracting Authority
is EUR 5,000 (SZL 47,000), while the maximum amount is EUR 10,000 (SZL 93,800).
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Rules Governing the First Small Grants Window
In order to be eligible for a grant, an applicant must be a non-profit making, community-based or other
local organisation registered or recognised as a Non State Actor in the Kingdom of Swaziland under
the appropriate legal and regulatory framework. Thus, applicants will include local associations, local
sectoral committees (such as health and education committees) and NGOs (such as Faith Based
Organisations operating mission schools). They must have been registered as an Association or
Cooperative under the Co-operative Societies Act 2003 or as a Not for Profit Company under section
17 of the Companies Act 2009, for at least 12 months prior to applying for a grant.
Sanitation
The focus will be to improve sanitation conditions at primary schools in rural and peri urban areas
through the construction of sanitation facilities, such as VIP latrines, hand washing facilities, improved
food preparation facilities, refuge pits, etc. However, health education will also be incorporated in
order to bring about an overall improvement in the general health and hygiene standards in primary
schools, thus contributing to the creation of a better learning environment. It is also anticipated that
there will be positive spill-over effects for the wider communitees
Portable Water Supply
The focus will be to improve access to potable water at primary schools in rural and peri- urban areas
through the provision of simple water supply infrastructure that is easy to maintain and thereby
sustainable. The focus will also be on the rehabilitation, extension, upgrading of existing schemes or
the installation of new facilities. These include: rain water harvesting, hand pumps, play pumps, etc.
Contribution by grant beneficiaries
Beneficiaries will be required to contribute at least 25% of the total costs of the project. This may take
the form of cash or inputs in kind, or a combination of the two. Where contributions in kind are
concerned, these must be fully accounted for in realistic terms. The grant beneficiary will also be
responsible for all project management issues, including the obtaining of any permits or clearances
from the relevant local and central level authorities, as may be required to implement the proposed
action.
The following Government of Swaziland and European Union funded project allocations and actual
expenditure was obtained from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy Department of Water
Affairs and from Micro Projects these are funded through the Community Development Special Fund
(CSDF), however, the actual amounts budgeted for were not available at the time of compiling this
report.
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Community Development Special Fund (CSDF)
Manzini Region
Sivumelwano Lesisha Community WASH Project
The purpose of this project is to provide safe potable water to the Msabane communities. The
Msabane Community is a rural community based in the Manzini region along the ManziniSiphofaneni road. The community comprises of over 300 homesteads and a population of about 3000
people. The project benefited a number of schools and churches located in the area.
The water is sourced from a borehole then reticulated to the community. The community contributed
approximately E10,000.00 towards the project implementation, the site selection was done by the
RWSB with the local community and approved by the Chief. The envisaged project impacts include:
1) Health standards improvement since water borne disease incidents will be reduced.
2) The community accessing water for the establishment of backyard gardens thus contributing
to food security.
3) Sanitation is also expected to improve from the construction of latrines.
The Microprojects Programme provided the funds and supervised the project. The Rural Water Supply
Board (RWSB) together with Microprojects trained the community commitee on project management
skills, the community established a maintenance fund. Water minders were trained on maintenance
and repairs during the implementation of the project.
2008 - Total CSDF Contribution: E1,985,566.00
LaMgabhi Community WASH Project
The purpose of this project is to provide safe potable water to the LaMgabhi and Mhlabubovu
communities to improve the standard of health by minimising water borne diseases and establishment
of backyard gardens. Another advantage will be the time saved from travelling to streams and rivers
will be invested in other developmental activitees.
The LaMgabhi Community is a rural community based in the Manzini region along the LuyengoBhunya road. The community comprises of over 358 homesteads, two primary schools and one high
school. The communities main source of income is farming. Some community members are employed
in neighbouring towns Bhunya, Mhlambanyatsi, Malkerns and Matsapha.
LaMgabi community has a number of springs and streams which do not run dry even in winter. The
local community took the initiative to construct and protect two intake structures and collected E30.00
from each homestead amounting to E10,740.00. The Government of Swaziland through the
Microprojects Community Development Special Fund (CSDF) was approached with a request by the
community to finance the project to avail safe potable water to the community.
The project implementation, to be supervised by the Rural Water Supply Board, was approved and
divided into three phases from 2009 through to 2011. The project investment is expected to be in
excess of 20 years from date of implementation. The community would supply unskilled labour for the
entire project and also local materials to construct VIP toilets.
Phase One – Entailed the construction of two roughing filters, a slow sand filter and a reservoir tank.
Phase Two – Entailed excavation to facilitate construction and installation of the main line,
distribution line, pressure tanks and construction of stand pipes and soak ways
Phase Three – Entailed distribution lines installation, pressure tank construction, construction of stand
pipes, soak ways and donga crossings.
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2009 - Phase 1 – Total Project Value E 749,890.00
2010 - Phase 2 – Total Project Value E1,393,893.00
2011 - Phase 3 – Total Project Value E1,512,014.00
Total CSDF Contribution: E3,655,797.00
Bhodo Community WASH Project
The purpose of this project is to provide safe potable water to the Community of Bhodo, a rural
community located at Mbekelweni area in the Manzini region and includes social centres (five
churches) and business area. The project will directly benefit 320 homesteads with a population of
over 3200 people. The community’s source of income is mainly farming and the majority of the
community members are poor and unemployed.
The project is a response to the increasing resident and transient population at Bhodo area as the
current reservoir is not sufficient. In 2005 the community realised the need to construct a second
reservoir with a capacity 120,000 litres. It was constructed to completion under the supervision of
Rural Water Supply Board (RWSB) in 2008. The community raised E60,000.00 towards the
construction of a pumphouse and transmission line. Construction of toilets is complete however these
are not up to the required standard and still pose a health hazard. In 2011 the community applied to the
RWSB who prepared designs and cost estimates with a hope that funding would be available.
Unfortunately RSWB could not secure sufficient funds from GoS to implement the project. Alternate
sources of financing were then sort through the CSDF.
The water is to be sourced from a borehole then reticulated to the community, the site was selected and
approved by the local leaders and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (MNRE). The
department of Water Affairs from the MNRE prepared the design and Microprojects Programme
provided the funds and supervised the project. The RWSB together with Microprojects trained the
community commitee on project management skills, the community has already established a
maintenance fund. Water minders were trained on maintenance and repairs during the implementation
of the project.
2012 Total Project Contribution by the CDSF: E272, 619.00
Nhlambeni Community WASH Project
The purpose of this project is to provide safe potable water to the Community of Mphofana which
include social centres and business area. The project directly benefited 40 homesteads with a
population of about 400 people. Mphofana Community is a rural community located at Nhlambeni
area in the Manzini region the majority of the community members are poor and unemployed. The
project was initiated in 2008 after the community realised the need to establish a water scheme and
made contributions upon realising the need for potable water. They began by constructing toilets,
however these were of very poor quality and made out of mainly stick and mud. The community
applied to the RWSB for assistance and designs were prepared, and the community then approached
the Swaziland Water Services Corporation (SWSC) who assisted in developing a design and cost
estimate.
SWSC did not have sufficient funds to implement the project, however they agreed to supervise the
project during implementation. The community raised E7,000.00 towards the project implementation.
The Microprojects Programme provided the funds and supervised the project and further trained the
community commitee on project management skills, the community has already established a
maintenance fund. Water minders were trained on maintenance and repairs during the implementation
of the project.
2012 Total Project Contribution by the CDSF: E644,473.00
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Manzamnyama Community WASH Project
The purpose of this project is to provide safe potable water to the Community of Zombodze which
include one school, social centre and business area. The project directly benefited over 400
homesteads with a population of about 4000 people. Zombodze Community is a rural community
located in the Manzini region and most households are dependant on farming Some community
members are employed in Manzini and Matsapha.
The project was initiated in 2009 after the community realised the need to expand their existing water
scheme and made contributions upon realising the ever increasing need for potable water. The
community raised E30,000.00 towards the project implementation and then approached the
Microprojects for assistance.
The Microprojects Programme provided the funds and supervised the project. The RWSB together
with Microprojects trained the community commitee on project management skills, the community
established a maintenance fund. Water minders were trained on maintenance and repairs during the
implementation of the project.
2011 Total Project Contribution by the CDSF: E2, 594,120.00
Shiselweni Region
Bhanganoma Community WASH Project
The purpose of this project is to provide safe potable water to the Community of Bhanganoma which
include three schools.. The project directly benefited approximately 310 homesteads with a population
of about 2300 people. Bhanganoma Community is a rural area under the Mtsambama Inkhundla in the
Shiselweni region whose source of income is mainly farming. However this has been challenged by
the persisting drought in the area since 2008. For domestic water supply, the people depend on a
stream which goes dry during the dry seasons. These streams are not safe for domestic use as they are
shared with livestock.
The project was initiated in 2008 and the community organised itself and established a water scheme
and made contributions upon realising the need for potable water. The community raised E25,000.00
for the project and applied to the RWSB for assistance and designs were prepared, however, once
again the RWSB could not complete the task due to lack of funding, and Microprojects was requested
to provide funding for the project. The project entailed construction of a water intake structure,
horizontal roughing filter, slow sand filter, 2x150 cubic meter reservoir, laying of distribution pipe
lines and construction of 90 stand pipes.
The source is mountain underground water, which is a source that does not run dry. The initiative
shown by the community on their own coupled with the ever present threat of livestock and human
mortality through drought assured sustainability, the project has actually become a showcase of local
community commitment. The site was selected and approved by the local leaders and the MNRE who
prepared the design and the CSDF was approached to secure the funding. Again, the mutually
beneficial arrangement was reached where the community would provide unskilled labour, local
materials and construct VIP latrines with the support of the Ministry of Health through the
Environmental Health Department.
The Microprojects Programme through the CSDF provided the funds and supervised the project. The
project implementation was to run for 36 months and the RWSB together with Microprojects trained
the community commitee on project management skills, the community established a maintenance
fund. Water minders were trained on maintenance and repairs during the implementation of the
project. The expected lifespan of the project is in excess of 30 years, principally due to the
commitment of the community to its success.
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2011 Total Project Contribution by the CDSF: E3, 661,508.00
Engoleni Community WASH Project
The purpose of this project is to provide safe potable water to the Community of Engoleni, which
includes a primary school, a high school and a clinic. The project directly benefited approximately 100
homesteads with a population of about 1,370 people. Engoleni Community is situated in the South
Western part of Swaziland opposite Ezikhoteni, about 30km from Nhlangano in the Shiselweni region.
The principal source of income is mainly subsistence farming.
The project was initiated in 2007 and the community organised itself and established a water scheme
and made contributions upon realising the need for potable water. RWSB helped the community with
designs for the scheme, but was unable offer financial assistance. The community raised over
E32,000.00 and Microprojects, through the CSDF, was requested to provide funding for the project.
The project entailed construction of a water intake structure, borehole protection, borehole control
house, submersable pump, 90 cubic meter reservoir, laying of distribution pipe lines and construction
of 85 stand pipes.
The community identified a source in a neighbouring privately owned farm and the owner gave
authority for the community to draw water from his land, provided the nearby schools also benefit.
The source is a two streams surface gravity system from the privately owned farm. The site selection
was done by the community in consultation with the land owner and approved by the Chief of
Ezikhoteni and the MNRE who tested the amount of water during the dry winter month of July and
found that a yield of only 5 litres per second was available yet the community needs 173,000 litres per
day. To accomodate this shortfall a borehole was also installed to draw water from an underground
mountain source close by. The RWSB prepared the design to also accommodate the clinic, the two
primary and high schools in the area. A mutually beneficial arrangement was reached where the
community would provide unskilled labour, local materials and construct VIP latrines with the support
of the Ministry of Health through the Environmental Health Department.
The Microprojects Programme through the CSDF provided the funds and supervised the project. The
project implementation was to run for 36 months and the RWSB together with Microprojects trained
the community commitee on project management skills, the community established a maintenance
fund. Water minders were trained on maintenance and repairs during the implementation of the
project.
2010 Total Project Contribution by the CDSF: E1, 917,334.00
Sukhumani Nyamane Community WASH Project
This project provides safe potable water for domestic use and irrigation of backyard gardens to the
Community of Upper Nyamane. The project directly benefited approximately 410 homesteads with a
population of about 4,530 people. The Upper Nyamane Community is a rural area under Maseyini
Inkundla in the Shiselweni region. The main source of income is subsistence farming, however, this
has been challenged by the persistent drought in the area. For domestic water supply, they rely on the
Nyamane River, which is as far as 3km from the homesteads. The river is not safe for domestic use as
it is also shared with livestock.
The project was initiated in 2008 and the community organised itself and established a water scheme
and made contributions upon realising the need for potable water. RWSB helped the community with
designs for the scheme, but was unable to offer financial assistance. The community raised over
E20,736.00 and Microprojects through the CSDF was requested to provide funding for the project.
The project entailed borehole protection, construction of a borehole control house, installation of a
submersable borehole pump, construction of 2x 120 cubic meter concrete reservoir, laying of
pumping main line distribution network and construction of 90 stand pipes.
25 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The site selection was made by the community and approved by the local leaders and the MNRE. The
RWSB prepared the design and a mutually beneficial arrangement was reached where the community
would provide unskilled labour, local materials and construct VIP latrines with the support of the
Ministry of Health through the Environmental Health Department.
The Microprojects Programme through the CSDF provided the funds and supervised the project. The
project implementation was to run for 2 months and the RWSB together with Microprojects trained
the community committee on project management skills, the community established a maintenance
fund. Water minders were trained on maintenance and repairs during the implementation of the
project. The expected lifespan of the project is in excess of 30 years, principally due to the
commitment of the community to its success. The project impacts include:
1) Health standards will improve since water borne disease incidents will be reduced.
2) The community will also have water for the establishment of backyard gardens thus improving
their health through supplemented diets.
3) Another advantage will be the time saved from travelling to streams and rivers will be
invested in other developmental activites.
4) Sanitation is also expected to improve because the local community will construct latrines as
advised by the department of Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health.
2009 Total Project Contribution by the CDSF: = E1, 620,184
Total CDSF costs for the 8 projects listed above = E16, 351,601
Nazarene Compassionate Ministries Swaziland (NCM-SD)
Water and Sanitation
Nazarene Compassionate Ministries Swaziland (NCM-SD) has undertaken and implemented various
projects in Swaziland in water, sanitation and hygiene. Recently NCM-SD partnered with WaterAid
to drive a 6 month water and sanitation project in Swaziland in 2012. WaterAid provided technical
support in: water engineering, designing hand washing facilities, rain-water harvesting, issues related
to water technologies including hand dug wells, spring-fed gravity flow networks, rope pump,
maintenance. In addition WaterAid assisted in; sanitation engineering, latrines designs (pit, selfflushing, community-led total sanitation etc. Further assistance was received in the area of advocacy
by developing promotion campaign strategies, engaging communities in work that reaches policy
makers, etc.
The main objectives of this project include sustainable improvement of healthcare access and
eradication of poverty within the Mpolonjeni area through increasing access to potable water and
sanitation facilities. The project aimed at ensuring that: 1,000 people in the area have access to water
within 1km of their location, facilitate 90% of water points designed in accordance with equity and
inclusion principles, facilitate 95% of drinking water in accordance with the governments’ ‘Guideline
for drinking water quality in rural areas’.
Furthermore on sanitation the project aimed at: improving access to safe means of excreta disposal,
especially by marginalised groups, access of proper sanitation facilities by 1,000 community member,
attainment of 50% of sanitation facilities as well as training 75 people on construction and
maintenance of latrines, improved knowledge of good sanitation and hygiene practices, and finally to
enhance capacity at local, regional, and national level to plan, manage, and monitor WASH activities.
The project implementation cost was budgeted at E1.1 million
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
Water for Generation Solar Project
NCM-SD partnered with the Coca-Cola Africa Foundation (TCCAF) on this project, who provided
funding for half the project cost for the first six months with the intention of: demonstrating capacity
of solar wells, facilitating the establishment of 7-14 distribution points per site, and achieving the
standard of having a person accessing 20 litres of clean water per day within 1 km of a water point as
per the WHO standard.
Clinic sites supporting this project were prioritized and selected based on an assessment conducted by
the Swaziland Nazarene Health Institutions (SNHI) together with Government and the selected sites
did not duplicate current efforts of WASH partners. In a geographic area where there are multiple
boreholes, the Water for a Generation (WAG) initiative focused on appropriate enhancement of the
borehole with solar technology and sufficient distribution and storage to serve the needs of each clinic,
garden project as well as the broader community. The first phase included: Shewula in the Lubombo
Region with a catchment of 33,318 community members, Mliba and Ngculwini in the Manzini Region
with a catchment of 48,572 members and 7 garden projects overall. When approved, the second phase
will include Bhekinkosi (22,860) in the Manzini region, Ka Phunga (9,509) in Shiselweni with 2
gardens.
The project successfully delivered: drilling 13 and rehabilitation of 2boreholes, installed 15 solar
powered pumps, resulting in the generation of approximately 60 million litres of clean water,
approximately 10,900 people accessing water at designated clinics, training of 121 people to educate
community members on water resource and conservation management. In additions gardens were
established in 10 clinics, an additional 2 gardens for HIV/AIDS support groups, 1 for Epilepsy support
group and 2 for OVC.
The implementation cost of this project was budgeted at E6.5m.
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
Swaziland Government Wash Sector Financing
There are two types of Rural Water Supply Schemes (RWSS);
iii)
Macro (Reticulated Schemes)
The budget allocated was for drilling (in cases of boreholes as sources), training and
mobilisation of recipient communities and procurement of construction materials.
iv)
Micro (Hand-pump and Protected Springs)
The budget allocated was for citing, drilling and procurement of construction materials for
the micro schem
Interpretations and Sources of Data
 Population figures of recent census (2007) were requested from the Central Statistics Office in
Mbabane
 Existing schemes were adopted from RWSB projects mini data base
 The status of these projects was obtained from differing authorities in the different
Tinkhundla’s
 Figures of population currently served by micro schemes are a result of multiplying 250
people by the number of functional micro schemes. (This is done with the assumption that at
least 250 people should occupy one borehole)
 Figures of population currently served and not served by either scheme were obtained from
the community applications in our data base
 The percentage comes from total population currently served by both schemes against total
population in each Inkhundla
Table 1.
Government Annual WASH Allocation
FINANCIAL YEAR
BUDGET ALLOCATION AMOUNT (E )
2008- 2009
32 M
2009- 2010
30 M
2010- 2011
30 M
2011-2012
19 M
2012-2013
24 M
Total Budget
135 M
28 | P a g e
MANZINI
TABLE 2.
Name of
Inkhundla
Mafutseni
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
15,573
18
Mkhiweni
23,929
Mtfonganeni
17,302
7
12
Current Status Of Rural Water Supply Coverage In Manzini Region
(Macro Water Supply Schemes)
Status of Schemes
Population Population
Currently
Currently
Served
not Served
Non
Functional
Functional
9
9
7.723
5
2
15,650
9
3
14,692
7,852
8,279
2,358
Comments
Assess all non-functional water schemes and
rehabilitate where necessary.
Rehabilitation of the non- functional macro
schemes is required as most areas are now over
populated and training of both community members
and water committees is required.
Rehabilitate all the 12
Macro schemes under this constituency as most of
them have more than 20 years and they are
functional with difficulties.
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Status of Schemes
Functional
Non
Functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Total
Population
Currently not
Served
Comments
Re-design the non- functional water schemes
as those projects are using uk pipes
Madlangemphisi
43,717
4
2
2
7,400
36,317
Ngwemphisi
27,232
34
6
6
13,569
13,664
Most of their mountain sources have dries up
as new sources are required
Kwaluseni
41.780
2
2
0
15,200
26.580
.Mahlanya
18,789
8
4
4
12,264
6,533
Both water committees and community
members required training and that area is
under urban as most people benefited from
swsc
Rehabilitate all the 8 non- functional macro
schemes as they have excided their design
period
8.Nhlambeni
12,466
11
8,721
3,745
Rehabilitate all the 11 macro schemes as they
have excided their design period
2
6,800
5,124
Rehabilitate the non-functional water schemes
9.Lamghabhi
11,924
11
3
1
30 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 3.
Name of
Inkhundla
Current Status Of Rural Water Supply Coverage in Manzini Region
(Micro Water Supply Schemes)
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Population
Currently
Served
Population
Currently
not Served
7,852
Functional
Non
Functional
29
28
7.723
21
15
11,645
Comments
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards
maintaining their hand pumps
Mafutseni
15,573
Mkhiweni
23,929
Mtfonganeni
17,302
26
15
11
8,420
8,882
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards
maintaining their hand pumps
Madlangemphisi
43,717
48
30
18
14,562
29,155
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards
maintaining their
Ngwemphisi
27,232
57
Status of Schemes
38
29
18
11
9,256
12,284
17,976
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards
maintaining their hand pumps
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards
maintaining their
31 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Status of Schemes
Functional
Non
Functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Total
Population
Currently not
Served
Comments
.Kwaluseni
41.780
1
1
0
2,900
38,880
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards maintaining
the pumps.
Mahlanya
18,789
6
4
2
5,803
12,994
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards maintaining
the pumps.
.Nhlambeni
12,466
18
14
4
4,256
821
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards maintaining
the pumps.
Kukhanyeni
18,085
13
9
4
6,925
11,160
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards maintaining
the pumps.
Ludzeludze
54,853
14
11
3
8,936
45,869
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards maintaining
the pumps.
Manzini North
39,529
1
2
4
2,200
37,329
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards maintaining
the pumps.
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
11.Mangcongco
12,Hlane
14.Mahlangatja
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Status of Schemes
Functional
Non
Functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Total
Population
Currently not
Served
6,603
14
10
3
2,890
3,713
7,091
7
5
5
3,400
3,691
18,788
6
4
2
3,980
14,808
Comments
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards
maintaining their
Government must purchase all the hand pump
accessories and train communities towards
maintaining their
This areas needs urgent attention as most of their
mountain sources dries up during winter seasons
and drilling of bh will save this situation
33 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SHISELWENI
TABLE 4.
Name of
Inkhundla
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Gege
17 011
17
Current Status Of Rural Water Supply Coverage In Shiselweni Region
(Macro Water Supply Schemes)
Status of Schemes
Population Percentage Population
Currently
of
Currently
Served
Functional
not Served
Non
Coverage
Functional
Functional
Comments
Gege has old macro schemes.
6
11
763
4%
16 248
Functionality ceased almost
simultaneously.
Complete rehabilitation needed.
Hosea
20 028
0
0
0
0
0%
20 028
Kubuta
6 240
2
2
0
5 390
86 %
850
Little water sources.
Need for water tanks
Population fitting for the two macro
schemes.
However boreholes required for
dispersed settlements.
Zombodze
16 545
0 macro
0
0
0
0%
16 545
Coverage dissatisfying due to upsurge
in population.
Urgent prioritized attention required!
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Status of Schemes
Functional
Non
Functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently
not Served
Comments
Functional coverage satisfactory due to
continuous reporting of faults.
Maseyisini
24 489
12
7
5
17 750
72 %
6 811
Malfunctioning macros could result in 100 %
coverage if fixed.
Matsanjeni
15 777
4
0
0
Mtsambama
18 267
3
3
0
0
4 100
0%
15 777
22.4 %
14 167
Coverage tiresome due to long distances to
boreholes.
People sharing unsafe clinic waste with cattle
as source of water.
Immediate need for rehabilitation of macro.
Communities are too dispersed making
coverage difficult.
Functioning macro schemes require phase2.
Somntongo
18 092
3
1
2
4 150
22.9 %
13 942
Coverage satisfactory.
2 macros requiring rehabilitation to ensure
100% coverage
35 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Status of Schemes
Comments
Functional
Non
Functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently
not Served
3
1
6 651
78.5 %
1 816
Overall coverage is satisfactory.
Ngudzeni
8 467
4
A few boreholes would be ideal
however.
Nkwene
7 788
6
3
3
4 013
51 %
3 775
Malfunctioning macro schemes require
minute checkups.
New boreholes need to be drilled.
Sandleni
13 848
4
2
2
12 000
86.6%
1 848
Though coverage may seem satisfying,
people without access to water are
increasing.
Sigwe
11 365
0
0
0
0
0%
11 365
At least 2 macro schemes needed.
Shiselweni 1
26 670
3
2
1
1 060
3.9 %
25 610
Population has expanded greatly.
Phase 2 of functional schemes is
immediately needed.
1 macro scheme is currently underway.
36 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5.
Name of
Inkhundla
Current Status Of Rural Water Supply Coverage In Shiselweni Region
(Micro Water Supply Schemes)
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Status of Schemes
Functional
Non
Functional
Comments
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Population
Currently not
Served
Gege has old
Gege
17 011
13
5
8
1 250
7.3 %
15 761
macro schemes.
Functionality ceased almost simultaneously.
Complete rehabilitation needed.
Hosea
20 028
13
4
9
1 000
4.9 %
19 028
Very few water sources. Need for water
tanks
Kubuta
6 240
0
0
0
0
0%
6 240
Population fitting for two macro schemes.
However boreholes required for dispersed
settlements.
Maseyisini
24 489
11
9
2
2 250
9.1 %
22 239
Functional coverage satisfactory due to
continuous reporting of faults.
Malfunctioning macros could result in 100 %
coverage if fixed.
37 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
Inkhundla’s
Total
Population
Existent
Schemes
Status of Schemes
Functional
Non
Functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently
not Served
Comments
Coverage tiresome due to long distances to
boreholes.
Matsanjeni
15 777
75
50
25
12 500
79 %
3 277
People sharing unsafe clinic waste with cattle as
source of water.
Immediate need for rehabilitation of macro
systems.
Mtsambama
18 267
6 micro
1
5
250
1.3 %
18 017
Communities are too dispersed making coverage
difficult.
Functioning macro schemes require phase2.
Ngudzeni
8 467
5
4
1
1 000
11.8 %
7 467
Overall coverage is satisfactory.
A few boreholes would be ideal however.
Sigwe
11 365
50
35
15
8 750
32.8 %
2 615
At least 2 macro schemes needed.
Shiselweni
2
12 865
5
0
0
0
0%
12 865
New boreholes are needed.
38 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
Sandleni
Nkwene
Inkhundl
a’s Total
Populatio
n
Existent
Schemes
Status of Schemes
Functional
Non
Functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently
not Served
Comments
13 848
4
4
0
1 000
7%
12 848
Though coverage may seem satisfying, people
without access to water are increasing.
7 788
4
0
0
0
0%
7 788
Malfunctioning macro schemes require minute
checkups. New boreholes need to be dug.
Population has expanded greatly.
Shiselweni
1
26 670
2
2
0
500
1.8 %
26 170
Phase 2 of functional schemes is immediately
needed.
1 macro scheme is currently underway.
Coverage satisfactory.
Somntongo
18 092
65
46
19
11 500
63.5 %
6 592
2 macros requiring rehabilitation to ensure 100%
coverage
Zombodze
16 545
24
8
16
2 000
12 %
14 545
Coverage dissatisfying due to upsurge in
population.
Urgent prioritized attention required!
39 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 6.
Name of
Region
CONCLUSIVE SUMMARY OF SHISELWENI COVERAGE
Region’s
Total Rural
Population
Existent
Schemes
277 micro
Shiselweni
Status of
Schemes
166 functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Percentage of
Functional
Coverage
49 %
27 functional
65 237
Comments
Whilst the region may face severe
poverty, the people’s willingness to work
is commendable.
41 500
217 452
62 macro
Total
Population
Currently
not Served
110 715
The increasing mortality rate as a result of
various sanitary causes threatens this will.
It is imperative that adequate attention be
invested in these ready spirits.
40 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
LUBOMBO
TABLE 7.
Name of
Inkhundla
Current Status Of Rural Water Supply Coverage In Lubombo Region
(Macro Water Supply Scheme Training Requirements Which Require Training for 2012-2013)
Inkhundla
Total
Population
Existing
Schemes
Status
Functional NoneFunctional
Population
Served
Population
Currently
not served
Sithobela
30,332
5
4
1
22,200
8,132
Lubulini
14419
4
2
2
7,800
6,619
Matsanjeni
North
12,940
2
0
2
6,500
6,440
Siphofaneni
23,488
9
7
2
18,150
8,738
Percentage
Comments
of
Functional
Coverage
58% 26.8% of the population though some nonfunctional.
The non-functional scheme is still under
construction.
Training of both community members and water
committees is required.
16% Ngonini needs rehabilitation; Training of both
community members and water committees is
required.
1% Drill new borehole for one system.
The other one needs community to settle SEC
bills and repair broken pipes, Training of both
community members and water committees is
required.
59% A source needed for one project.
The other one requires reprotection of source
(spring) and construction of a BPT, Training of
both community members and water committees
is required.
41 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
Inkhundla
Total
Population
Lugongolweni
15,519
4
1
Lomahasha
22,239
3
.Mpolonjeni
20,563
.Dvokodweni
.Hlane
.Nkilongo
Existing
Status
Scheme Functional Nones
Functional
Population
Served
Population
Currently
not served
Percentage
Comments
of
Functional
Coverage
12% Vuka Matsetsa owes SEC
Maphatsindvuku power house vandalized.
BH needs to be cleaned.
Sitsabaweni and needs to settle SEC bills
and Training of both community members
and water committees is required.
3
9,800
5,719
2
1
7,150
5,089
3
0
3
11,000
11,563
28,252
7
6
1
18,650
9,602
51% The Non-functional system is under
construction and Training of both community
members and water committees is required.
7,091
2
1
1
3,890
3,201
13% Water table dropped (ie Siweni)
Also need extension and Training of both
community members and water committees
is required.
15,907
2
2
0
6,400
9,507
40% Training of both community members and
water committees is required.
21% Source needed for the non-functional system.
Training of both community members and
water committees is required.
54% First system was vandalized.
Second one needs source.
Third one under construction Training of
both community members and water
committees is required.
42 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 8.
Name of
Inkhundla
Current Status Of Rural Water Supply Coverage In Lubombo Region
Micro (Handpumps and Protected Springs) Rural Water Supply Schemes
Inkhundla
Total
Population
Existing
Schemes
Status
Functional
NoneFunctional
Population
Served
Population
Currently
not served
3
6,500
23, 832
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
27%
Sithobela
30,332
11
8
Lomahasha
22,239
15
Matsanjeni
North
Lugongolweni
12,940
Comments
15
0
9,856
12,383
44%
19
19
0
10,330
2,610
80%
15,519
18
18
0
10,700
4,819
69%
Siphofaneni
23,488
8
5
3
4,800
18,688
26%
Lugongolweni
15,519
17
10
7
5,940
9,579
62%
Drill more boreholes and rehabilitate
non- functional schemes
Water table level suspected to drop
Lomahasha
22,239
14
11
3
5,000
17,239
29%
Need rehabilitation
Mpolonjeni
20,563
29
24
5
2,191
18,372
12 %
Matsanjeni
North
Dvokodweni
12,940
5
3
2
2,500
10,440
24%
Water level drop the cause for non
functional hand pumps
Rehabilitate non-functional hand pumps
28,252
20
16
4
9,980
18,272
55%
Water level drop and below pump
Hlane
7,091
14
10
4
3,000
4,091
73%
Borehole dried up. Drill boreholes
Nkilongo
15,907
6
4
2
2,500
13,407
19%
Boreholes have dried up. Drill new ones.
Needs rehabilitation
43 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
HHOHHO
TABLE 9.
Name of
Inkhundla
Motshane
Current Status Of Rural Water Supply Coverage In Lubombo Region - Hhohho Region
Macro (Reticulated Schemes) Rural Water Supply Schemes
Inkhundla
Total
Population
Existing
Schemes
30,890
12
Status
Functional
NonFunctional
10
2
Population
Served
Population
Currently
not served
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
7,723
23, 167
25 %
Comments
Community is falling to pay for S. E. C.
bills.
All the gravity fed reticulating schemes
is performing at more or less 40 % due
to the persistent drought.
Nkhaba
15,704
8
8
0
6,282
9,422
40 %
Lobamba
25,968
7
6
1
20,774
5,194
80 %
All these gravity schemes operate at
more or less 30 % on dry seasons and at
80 % in the rainy seasons.
Three (3) needs rehabilitation because
they supply raw water.
The community is also falling to pay
S.E.C bills for the pumped system.
Hhukwini
9,837
1
1
0
2,951
6,886
30 %
Construction is incomplete because the
slow sand filters needs to be filled with
media, the access road is unusable.
Maphalaleni
19,454
3
3
0
5,836
13,618
30 %
Access route to the treatment works
needs to be re-opened up.
44 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of
Inkhundla
Pigg’s Peak
Inkhundla
Total
Population
Existing
Schemes
17,359
3
Status
Functional
NonFunctional
3
0
Population
Served
Population
Currently
not served
6,076
11,283
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
35 %
Ndzingeni
19,115
1
0
0
1,912
17,203
10 %
Mayiwane
15,120
6
5
1
10,584
4,536
70 %
Ntfonjeni
21,142
6
4
2
12,685
8,457
60 %
Timphisini
8,471
8
4
4
3,812
4,659
45 %
Mhlangatane
22,421
10
7
3
15,695
6,726
70 %
Comments
The scheme that is hooked to the
S.W.S.C is often without water.
The borehole is suspected to have
collapsed.
The reservoir had to be relocated when
the Buhleni Palace expanded. Some of
the systems are old and they need
rehabilitation.
The communities are failing to pay
S.E.C bills.
The four (4) electric pumped systems
are not functioning. Therefore there is a
need to rehabilitate some or all the
existing schemes.
Two (2) of the gravity schemes are
operating at more or less 70 %.
Solar power failed to pumps.
Communities are failing to pay S.E.C
bills and to pay for maintenance.
The pump house was vandalized.
Madlangemphisi
16,972
3
2
1
6,789
10,183
40 %
The community failed to pay S.E.C
bills.
45 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 10.
Name of
Inkhundla
Micro (Handpumps and Protected Springs) Rural Water Supply Schemes
Inkhundla
Total
Population
Existing
Scheme
s
Status
Functional
NonFunctional
Population
Served
Population
Currently
not served
0
7,723
23, 167
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
25 %
Motshane
30,890
3
3
Nkhaba
15,704
0
Lobamba
25,968
Hhukwini
Comments
0
0
6,282
9,422
40 %
0
0
0
20,774
5,194
80 %
9,837
1
0
0
2,951
6,886
30 %
Maphalaleni
19,454
2
2
0
5,836
13,618
30 %
Pigg’s Peak
17,359
6
6
0
6,076
11,283
35 %
Ndzingeni
19,115
9
8
1
1,912
17,203
10 %
Mayiwane
15,120
12
12
0
10,584
4,536
70 %
Ntfonjeni
21,142
12
1
11
12,685
8,457
60 %
Rehabilitation required
Timphisini
8,471
7
7
2
3,812
4,659
45 %
Mhlangatane
22,421
16
12
4
15,695
6,726
70 %
Madlangemphisi
16,972
9
9
6
6,789
10,183
40 %
Rehabilitate non-functional
handpumps.
Most boreholes need the raiser pipes to
be extended.
Rehabilitation of all non functional
schemes required.
The scheme used a spring that supplied
a sump, the diesel generator that broke
down. An alternative power is
electricity that 200m away.
46 | P a g e
Table 11.
Government WASH Expenditure 2006/7
PERIOD UNDER REVIEW: 31/03/2006 to 31/03/2007
Project Title
Local (Government) and donor funds for borehole installation and provision of potable water and sanitation for communities and health facilities in drought
stricken areas in Lubombo, Shiselweni, Hhohho and Manzini regions
Source
Total Estimated
Cost
Actual
Expenditure
Estimates for 2007/08
Estimated
Expenditure
Head
Works
Total
77,900
0
17,900
30,000
0
30,000
55,644
26,544
53,644
1,000
0
1,000
133,544
26,544
71,544
31,000
0
31,000
Donor Funds
Local
Project Total
E30,000,000 donor funds for WASH Infrastructure and E1,000,000 local funds for Plant Hire charges to CTA
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 12.
Government WASH Expenditure 2008/9
PERIOD UNDER REVIEW: 31/03/2008 to 31/03/2009
Project Title
Local (Government) and donor funds for borehole installation and provision of potable water and sanitation for communities and health facilities in the Lubombo,
Shiselweni, Hhohho and Manzini regions
Source
Donor Funds
Local
Project Total
Estimates for 2009/10
Micro
Total
Projects
Total Estimated
Cost
Actual
Expenditure
Estimated
Expenditure
51,613
34,513
34,784
16,829
0
16,829
80,497
51,507
65,026
10,471
5,000
15,471
132,110
86,020
99,810
27,300
5,000
32,300
Head
E30,000,000 donor funds for WASH Infrastructure and E2,300,000 local funds for Plant Hire charges to CTA
48 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 13.
SWSC MACRO PROJECTS
PERIOD UNDER REVIEW: 31/03/2011 to 31/03/2012
Estimates for 2012/13
MicroTotal
projects
Total Estimated
Cost
Actual
Expenditure
Estimated
Expenditure
SWSC –E1,600,000 Local Funds for the Design of the
Lomahasha and Siteki Water Supply
284,759
172,804
179,204
1,600
0
1,600
SWSC –E70,000,000 Local Funds for Nhlangano
Water & Sewer Treatment Plants
336,218
37,418
96,218
70,000
0
70,000
SWSC – E80,000,000 Local Funds for Construction
of Matsapha Industrial Sewer Plant
209,834
33,185
84,385
80,000
0
80,000
830,811
353,407
359,807
151,600
0
151,600
Project Title
SWSC Project Totals
Head
E151,600,000 local funds for SWSC WASH Project Infrastructure
49 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 14.
Government WASH Expenditure 2011/12
PERIOD UNDER REVIEW: 31/03/2011 to 31/03/2012
Project Title
Local (Government) funds for borehole installation and provision of potable safe water and sanitation to rural communities and health facilities in Lubombo,
Shiselweni, Hhohho and Manzini regions
Source
Estimates for 2012/13
Total Estimated
Cost
Actual
Expenditure
Estimated
Expenditure
Head
Works
Total
8,750
0
8,750
0
0
0
100,000
0
19,000
32,750
0
32,750
108,750
0
27,750
32,750
0
32,750
Donor Funds
Local
Project Total
E19,000,000 local funds for WASH Infrastructure,
E3,000,000 CTA charges for Plant Hire,
E2,000,000 GIS mapping of water points and
E8,750,000 for procurement of tools and equipment
50 | P a g e
KEY FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS
WASH Forum
The establishment of this forum was a good idea, including the initial objectives especially that of
networking and sharing information among stakeholders. It was established however, that there is no
meaningful coordination at the forum level due to a number of reasons. Firstly membership in the
forum is voluntary as such most stakeholders are not obliged to provide information regarding their
activities on the ground. This in essence underscores and undermines the objectives and effectiveness
of the stakeholder to collaborate. Some stakeholder perceptions are that the Forum is not effective nor
achieving all its objectives.
Functional Overlaps
The study could not ascertain who is doing what where as a direct result of the above stated and where
information is supplied at times it is so scanty and inadequate to be utilized. It is in this regard that the
study could not rule out the possibility of gross functional overlaps from implementing organizations,
working with identical communities and further providing identical interventions.
WASH Funding
Even though funding may never be considered enough, in the African context, the finding that there is
considerable funding for WASH programmes in Swaziland with the bulk coming from the EU,
Government and supported by various international donors, emanated from the fact that the MNRE
Water Affairs Department had not spent its entire budget allocation. It has been established that this
was caused by lack of human capital resource availability in the department and that in reality the
funding was not adequate to meet the national requirements for successful implementation of the
earmarked WASH programmes. With additional funding, coupled with structured implementation of
WASH programmes, the MDG’s for Swaziland could be achieved, if not fully but with considerable
impact.
Government Commitment to WASH
The World Health Organization has set a benchmark for WASH funding at 0.5% of Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). Currently Swaziland’s WASH allocation has averaged 0.1% and there is need for
government to increase her commitment in this regard.
Monitoring and Evaluation of WASH Programmes
This aspect of the program at Forum level is almost non-existent with each stakeholder seemingly
concerned about their own interests that are donor driven and never driven by national goals. Firstly
in collaboration with earlier findings, there is no availability of ready to use data and statistics. The
data used in this report in some instances had to be dug out of archives with the Consultant frequently
referred from pillar to post. Secondly there is no mechanism to effectively ascertain what
implementers are doing, the duration of their initiatives as well as future plans. This makes it
impossible for stakeholders to ascertain whether there is meaningful change in the livelihoods of the
communities served, without a platform to deduce lessons learnt.
Programme Implementation
It was noted that the WASH programme is implemented by different stakeholders in primarily 3 ways.
Firstly, predominantly from government driven and funded projects, the programme takes the form of
a “donation”, and understandably so because it is the duty of government to provide suitable
infrastructure to its citizens as part of service provision. However, there are questions of sustainability
regarding the provision of portable water especially through boreholes which often breakdown without
any after service. The second is where the beneficiary community is invited to participate in the
programme through the provision of labour. This collective and participatory approach invigorates the
community to take partial ownership of the project making the intervention more sustainable. The
third model is where the community is required to contribute financially as well as materially to the
project. In this instance the interest in the success of the intervention is usually at the highest level
from the community who feel that it is their project thereby ensuring as much as possible full support
of the project.
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Implementation Gaps – Government Funded/Driven Projects
The CSDF projects in particular have had meaningful impact on the communities where they have
been implemented. It was however observed that there are preventative maintenance measures put in
place, post implementation to prevent breakdowns especially of the boreholes. Furthermore, there is
no technical support provided when the pumps eventually broke down. Reasons forwarded for this
include the lack of funding coupled with poor or non-training of the community on maintenance of the
infrastructure.
Research and Development
Another serious shortcoming is the lack of established Research and Development programmes with
regards to GIS Water Point Mapping, it has been established that this is one of the main reasons for the
high rate of non-functional dry boreholes. This problem is also by the lack of a M&E framework that
will ensure accountability of all WASH implementing partners. Currently the percentage average of
functional coverage is 60.25% as the following tables depict.
Table 15.
Summary Of Manzini WASH Coverage
Name of
Region
Region’s Total
Population
Manzini
351 058
Existing
Schemes
Status of
Schemes
Total
Population
Currently
Served
278 micro
173
functional
92 808
46 functional
209 325
131 macro
Percentage
of Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently not
Served
52 %
48,945
It was noted that there is no rehabilitation of the non- functional macro schemes as most areas are now
over populated and training of both community members and water committees was not undertaken
coupled with the fact that the majority of these schemes have exceeded their 20 year life span. On the
other hand the micro schemes are threatened by the fact that majority of the mountain sources dry up
during the dry winter season.
Table 16.
Summary Of Shiselweni WASH Coverage
Name of
Region
Region’s
Total
Population
Shiselweni
217 452
Existing
Schemes
Status of
Schemes
Total
Population
Currently
Served
277 micro
166
functional
41 500
27
functional
65 237
62 macro
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently not
Served
49 %
110 715
Whilst the region may face severe poverty, the people’s willingness to work is commendable, however
national statics indicate an increase in mortality rates as a result of various sanitary causes undermines
this committment.
52 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 17.
Summary Of Lubombo WASH Coverage
Name of
Region
Region’s
Total
Population
Lubombo
227 029
Existent
Schemes
Status of
Schemes
176 micro
43 functional
Total
Population
Currently
Served
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently
not Served
89 %
42 192
73 297
41 macro
16 functional
111 540
The Lubombo region is prone to severe drought, coupled with the dropping water table and vandalism
of pumphouses and the infrastructure. There is a need for increased community awareness training
and securing of pump stations. Boreholes are also drying up and there is a need to drill new ones as
well as the rehabilitation on non-functional schemes.
Table 18.
Name of
Region
Summary Of Hhohho Coverage
Region’s
Total
Population
Hhohho
Existent
Schemes
Status of
Schemes
Total
Population
Currently
Served
77 micro
60 functional
101 119
68 macro
25 functional
57 553
270 480
Percentage
of
Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently
not Served
51 %
111 788
In the Hhohho Region it was noted that communities fail to pay SEC bills and this creates a situation
whereby the pumps and generators then become disused and damaged due to non use. Furthermore
there is insufficient training of community members to ensure sustainability of the projects. All the
gravity fed reticulating schemes are performing at more or less 40 % due to the persistent drought.
Table 19.
Total
Population
Summary of National Coverage
Existing Schemes
Status of
Schemes
Total
Population
Currently
Served
808 micro
442 functional
308 724
1 066 019
302 macro
112 functional
Percentage
of Functional
Coverage
Total
Population
Currently not
Served
63 %
313 640
443 655
53 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Policy Gap
During the currency of this study the Consultant was not availed adequate project documents to be
able to ascertain whether the implementers where indeed aligning their programmes fully and in
tandem to the priority areas as identified by government. The lack of responsiveness and willingness
to participate in this study could be an indication that the non-participating organizations may be noncompliant. The lack of clear sector coordination is indicative of the absence of an instrument
compelling stakeholders to comply.
Government Structures
The Government WASH structure starts with the Ministries of Natural Resource and Energy and
Health followed by the Regional Offices, Community Development Department (CDD) at the
Ministry of Tinkundla and Development then the community leadership and finally the community. If
this government structure was being effectively followed by WASH stakeholders, then both the
Departments of Water Affairs and Community Development would have all the data pertaining to
what implementers are actually doing in communities. This data could then be collaborated with that
of the Forum to ensure accuracy and consistency thus increasing accountability of implementers of
donor funds under this program.
RECOMMENDATIONS
WASH Forum
In light of the key finding in this regard, it is recommended that the CDD be part of the Forum and that
the CDD should take the lead in ensuring that all implementers and stakeholders working with
communities in Swaziland be duly registered with it as per the provisions of its 2010-15 strategic plan.
It is also recommended that membership in the Forum should be mandatory for all implementers and
stakeholders involved in the WASH programme in communities in Swaziland.
Functional Overlaps
It is understood that the implementers and stakeholders reserve the right to exclusively decided which
community to work with and under the same breath, there is nothing precluding implementers from
identify “soft communities” that are within reasonable reach from their base stations in order to cut
costs while causing functional overlaps. This undermines the coverage of the WASH program
through over concentration of implementers in one region for example. It is therefore recommended
that all implementers and stakeholders should table their project plans to the Forum to ensure even
distribution of the programme across the country taking full cognizance of the dire needs of the
Lubombo and Shiselweni regions that tend to be prone to natural disaster upscaling the need for
assistance. The MNRE should ensure that its oversight function in the management of these
programmes is not compromised by ensuring that proper Research and Development programmes
particularly with regards to water point mapping (GIS) is conducted and availed to all implementing
partners.
WASH Funding
It is recommended that the Forum should be more diligent in requiring the tabling of project reports by
its members to ensure continued funding from existing donors as well as interest from new donors.
Furthermore it is recommended that government should increase the WASH allocation to so as to
attain the international standard of 0.5% of GDP.
Programme Implementation
It is recommended that the implementers design effective post implementation strategies to ensure that
interventions provided to communities remain sustainable e.g. training on borehole maintenance,
facilitating the establishment of community funds to be used to maintain as well as upgrade the
supplied infrastructure.
54 | P a g e
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
WASH Policy
The Draft National Water Policy identifies the Water Department at MNRE as the custodian of water
issues in Swaziland and does not compel WASH implementers to submit reports to the department.
Based on the aforestated in earlier sections of this report, it is hereby recommended that the Water
Department should facilitate the adoption of the Draft National Water Policy compelling all WASH
stakeholders to register with the Department and further provide reports as per the requirements of the
regulations. This will address the noted policy gaps and further empower the Forum as an effective
platform to share data, projects as well as lessons learnt.
55 | P a g e
Document Review
National Development Strategy
Swaziland Poverty Reduction Strategy
National Water Policy
Ministry of Natural Resources Capital Estimates
Micro Projects Community Development Special Fund Project Briefs
EU Special Brief on WASH programme for Matsanjeni
Community Water Developers Profile
Swaziland National Assessment Report, 2002
WASHing Away Poverty, Micah Challenge, 2011
NCM 2012 Annual Report
3 Year Swaziland RAIN Project
Minutes of the 35th to 41st WASH Stakeholder Forum
People Interviewed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Matron Mdluli
Mbali Kunene
Sabelo Dlamini
Nomfundo Nxumalo
Sabelo Lukhele
Londiwe Gwebu
Mr. Obed Ngwenya
Ms. Nompumelo Ntshalintshali Bheki Bhembe
Mr. Paul Dlamini
Mr. Maziya
-
12. Community Leadership
-
NCM National Director
NCM Finance Officer
NCM Water Project Manager
NCM Training Officer
Project Coordinator
Monitoring & Evaluation Officer
Director – Water Affairs Department
WASH Coordinator - Water Affairs Department
Director of Budgeting, Ministry of Finance
Regional Administrator, Shiselweni Region
Director of Decentralization, Ministry of Tinkundla
and Development
Ngculwini Community
Stakeholders Present During ToR Presentation
1
Bruce Jameson
2 Elaine Franklin
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Makhosi Dlamini
Jukka Nomaki
Matt Jones
Yemane Abrahams
Boniswa Dladla
Ireen Ng’ambi
Sabelo Dlamini
Nhlanhla Nkambule
Daniel Sithole
Adednigo Ndlovu
Bheki Ngobese
Hilla Kyro
-
Palm for Life
Singwe Eco Services
SWADE
Red Cross
Vusumnotfo
IRD
WASH Secretary
Green Living Movement Swaziland
NCM – Swaziland
Gone Rural BoMake
Ministry of Health
Msunduza Dry Sanitation
Msunduza Dry Sanitation
Msunduza Dry Sanitation
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
__________________________________________________________________________________________
WASH Stakeholder Questionnaire Distribution List
the Questionnaire was disseminated to the following 96 email recipients and organisations on the 7 th
November 2012.
135502@healthsci.uniswa.sz,
actionfourafrica@yahoo.com,
adraswazi@realnet.co.sz,
aliotta@swazi.net,
azwane@swasa.co.sz,
AlfredHamadziripi@wateraid.org,
babazile@psi.sz,
bheki@nccu.co.sz,
bomake@gonerural.co.sz,
bomakeprojects@gonerural.co.sz,
bongid12@ovi.com,
Bongani@swazi.net,
c.o.c@africaonline.co.sz,
cebidlamini@yahoo.com,
cospe.mbabane@realnet.co.sz,
cyprianmk@yahoo.co.uk,
daniel_maduna@wvi.org,
dansithole77@yahoo.co.uk,
dmnisi@savethechildren.org.sz,
drmkhonta@swasa.co.sz,
edmunddlamini@yahoo.co.uk,
eduplanning.moet@live.co.za,
elaine@SingweEcoServices.org,
ellenm@mbacity.org.sz,
emdlamini@acat.org.sz,
encele@uniswa.sz,
Francesca.SPADOLA@eeas.europa.eu
glmswaziland@gmail.com,
hmkhuleko@yahoo.com,
jele@redcross.org.sz,
jmtshali@healthsci.uniswa.sz,
john.weatherson@action4africa.com,
jukka.p.ilomaki@gmail.com,
Jameson.Mkhonta@swsc.co.sz,
kathryn_taetzsch@wvi.org,
lenjocyril@gmail.com,
lndlovu@rssc.co.sz,
makhosi@swade.co.sz,
makhubelabeautyh@gmail.com,
manqoba.dlamini@swsc.co.sz,
manyatsi@agric.uniswa.sz,
masitselamhla@yahoo.com,
michaelsabelo@gmail.com,
micropro@realnet.co.sz,
mkhontap@gov.sz,
mmabhuta@yahoo.com,
mmtetwa@swazi.net,
mtsabedze@yahoo.com,
musa.dlamini@palmsforlifefund.org,
nathigumede@redcross.org.sz,
ndlelazp@agric.uniswa.sz,
nhlanhlamnkambule@yahoo.com,
nmotsa@yahoo.com,
nnxumalo@ncm-swaziland.org,
nontsikelelomalindzisa@yahoo.co.uk,
nphakathi@swasa.co.sz
nvilakati@savethechildren.org.sz
orphanaid@caritas.org.sz,
phindileweatherson3@gmail.com,
planner@rfmsz.org,
pweatherson@realnet.co.sz,
Phindile.lukhele@sz.sabmiller.com
reaswa@swazi.net,
refugees@caritas.org.sz,
roankunene@yahoo.com,
samkelisiwen@mbacity.org.sz,
samkeliso.dlamini@ndma.org.sz,
secretary@acat.org.sz,
service@lds.org.sz,
sharon.maziya@sz.sabmiller.com,
shongweno@gov.sz,
sikelela@mbacity.org.sz,
snkambul@healthsci.uniswa.sz,
swazichurchforum@swazi.net,
terrusfanniekhumalo@yahoo.com,
thokoshongwe@yahoo.com,
tmagagula97@yahoo.com,
tzikalala@gmail.com,
velaphi.mamba@yahoo.com,
vusi.mabuza@yahoo.com,
vusumnotfo@realnet.co.sz,
water.cospe@realnet.co.sz,
wisilex@yahoo.com,
yabraham@irdglobal.org,
yael@realnet.co.sz;
ireennamukoko@yahoo.com
Of the above recipients responses were received from only four organisations these being
1.
Francesca.SPADOLA@eeas.europa.eu ,
2.
glmswaziland@gmail.com (Ireen Ng’ambi of Green Living Movement – Swaziland)
3.
Mr. Boniswa Dladla – UNICEF
4.
Mr. Daniel Maduna – World Vision
57
Stakeholder Questionnaire
Scope and Mandate
The Nazarene Compassionate Mission (NCM) has engaged LCC Capital Consulting to conduct the
sector financing study to determine the levels of investment from the national budgets and other
sources of funding and establish allocations as approved by parliament and actual funding trends for
the past five (5) fiscal years and to further clarify the content of obligations related to access to
portable drinking water and sanitation; This study aims to establish trends in two (2) regions of
Swaziland, these being the Shiselweni and Manzini regions, during the first phase in relation to the
following:
(a) Budgetary allocations to the water supply and sanitation sector from the national budget.
(b) Actual expenditure against allocations, including analyzing amounts expended on recurrent
transactions and on capital investment in urban or rural settings for water and sanitation sector
separately in the region
(c) Sector financing by donors and non-government organizations (NGOs) in the public service
delivery sector separately on water and sanitation
(d) Critically analyze the present work programs for the WASH partners whether they are in line
with the National goals
(e) Determine the link, if any, between fiscal decentralization and nature of financing to the water
and sanitation sector for the period under review.
Methodology of the WASH Sectoral Financing consultation process
The first section comprises general questions to determine the individual organizational motivation
and challenges faced. The second section is structured to address the normative and cross-cutting
criteria/practices that LCC Capital is looking at the sector financing in fields of sanitation and water.
Therefore, the proposed study will be looking at one normative criterion which is the sector financing
however other areas will be explored, depending on their relevance to the study in question
(availability, accessibility, quality/safety, affordability, acceptability), in view of all the cross-cutting
criteria (participation, accountability, impact, sustainability).
Normative criteria (availability, accessibility, quality/safety, affordability, acceptability). All these
criteria have to be met for the full accountability of all stakeholders to the Water Policy, the specific
measure focussing on one of the normative criterion, sector finance, and not necessarily a
comprehensive approach aimed at the full realization of the actual water supply and sanitation MDG
Cross-cutting criteria (participation, accountability, impact, sustainability) also need to be critically
analysed in order to determine if the present work programs for the WASH partners are in line with
the National goals. All of these four criteria have to be met to some degree, and at the very least, the
study must not undermine or contradict these criteria. E.g., a substantial effort to extend access to
water to an entire population, but which perpetuates prohibited forms of discrimination by providing
separate taps for the majority population and for a marginalized or excluded group, could not be
considered a good practice from a humanitarian perspective
Stakeholders
In order to compile a critical and useful report in the sectoral financing of sanitation and water supply,
the Consultant would like to take into consideration practices carried out by a wide field of actors,
such as regional and municipal authorities, public and private providers, regulators, civil society
organisations, the private sector, Tinkundla, bilateral development agencies, and international
organisations.
Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland
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NCM – SD Major Stakeholders that have been identified are:
1. Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy ( Department of Water Affairs)
2. Ministry of Health (Health Inspection
3. Ministry of Economic Planning
4. Swaziland Agricultural Development Enterprises
5. COSPI
6. ADRA (Adventist Disaster Relief Agency)
7. UNICEF
8. IRD
9. Micro Projects
Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Financing Questionnaire
SECTION ONE
1. Why and how did your organisation get involved in WASH and what are your organizations’
objectives/mandate and the link to WASH objectives?
2. Which Tinkundla/Regions or Chiefdoms has your organization implemented the WASH?
3. What were the criteria with which the projects areas were identified?
4. Is your organization aware of what Government is doing under its WASH program?
5. Is your organizations’ WASH project linked and or cascaded down from the national WASH
program? Kindly expand on your response.
6. Does your organization have a structured project implementation and M & E framework for
WASH?
7. What are some of the key challenges that your organization has faced during the
implementation of the WASH project at: national/regional and institutional level?
8. Do you think that the current national coordination structure of WASH is both effective and
efficient? Please explain your response.
9. What some of the opportunities that you have been noted from the implementation of the
project?
10. Do you find the WASH implementing partners/stakeholders monthly meeting effective for the
national coordination of the WASH program, and according to your observation, is enough
being done to achieve this national MDG? Kindly explain your response.
11. There are perceptions that at times there is project overlap as well as duplication by
implementing partners, at times including Government as well, what would be your comment
on this?
12. Has your organization noted any challenges/limitations in Water Policy? If so, please indicate
how these can be addressed?
13. What has been your WASH project budget and actual expenditure over the past 5 years?
14. Have there been any major variances between the Budget and Actual? If so, please state the
reasons for this.
15. In your opinion, has the project had meaningful and sustainable impact? If so, in what way?
16. Is your organization going forward/extending the WASH project? Kindly state reasons
supporting your response.
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SECTION TWO
Practices
Please describe good sectoral finance practices that you know well in the field of
 Drinking water; and/or
 Sanitation
Please relate the described practices to the ten defined criteria. An explanatory note is provided for
each of the criteria
LCC Capital has a broad understanding of the term “practice”, encompassing both policy and
implementation: Good practice can thus cover diverse practices as, e.g., legislation ( international,
regional, national, tinkundla and chiefdoms ), policies, objectives, strategies, institutional frameworks,
projects, programmes, campaigns, planning and coordination procedures, forms of cooperation,
subsidies, financing mechanisms, tariff structures, regulation, operators’ contracts, etc. Any activity
that enhances people’s enjoyment of a good quality of life, (spiritually, health and education) in the
fields of sanitation and water or understanding of the rights of the beneficiaries and obligations of the
authorities can be considered a good practice.
LCC Capital is interested to learn about practices which advance the realization of good quality of life
as it relates to safe drinking water and sanitation. We have decided to focus on “good” practices rather
than “best” practices, in order to appreciate the fact that ensuring full enjoyment of human rights can
be a process of taking steps, always in a positive direction to meet the MDG on clean water supply for
all by 2022. The practices submitted in response to this questionnaire may not yet have reached their
ideal goal of universal access to safe, affordable and acceptable sanitation and drinking water, but
sharing the steps in the process towards various aspects of that goal is an important contribution to the
report.
Description of the practice:
Name of the practice:
Aim of the practice:
Target group(s):
Partners involved:
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Duration of practice:
Financing (short/medium/long term):
Brief outline of the practice:
1. How does the practice meet the criterion of availability?
Explanatory note: Availability
Availability refers to sufficient quantities, reliability and the continuity of supply. Water must be
continuously available in a sufficient quantity for meeting personal and domestic requirements of
drinking and personal hygiene as well as further personal and domestic uses such as cooking and food
preparation, dish and laundry washing and cleaning. Individual requirements for water consumption
vary, for instance due to level of activity, personal and health conditions or climatic and geographic
conditions. There must also exist sufficient number of sanitation facilities (with associated services)
within, or in the immediate vicinity, of each household, health or educational institution, public
institution and place, and the workplace. There must be a sufficient number of sanitation facilities to
ensure that waiting times are not unreasonably long.
Answer:
2. How does the practice meet the criterion of accessibility?
Explanatory note: Accessibility
Sanitation and water facilities must be physically accessible for everyone within, or in the immediate
vicinity, of each household, health or educational institution, public institution and the workplace. The
distance to the water source has been found to have a strong impact on the quantity of water collected.
The amount of water collected will vary depending on the terrain, the capacity of the person collecting
the water (children, older people, and persons with disabilities may take longer), and other
factors.There must be a sufficient number of sanitation and water facilities with associated services to
ensure that collection and waiting times are not unreasonably long. Physical accessibility to sanitation
facilities must be reliable at day and night, ideally within the home, including for people with special
needs. The location of public sanitation and water facilities must ensure minimal risks to the physical
security of users.
Answer:
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3. How does the practice meet the criterion of affordability?
Explanatory note: Affordability
Access to sanitation and water facilities and services must be accessible at a price that is affordable for
all people. Paying for services, including construction, cleaning, emptying and maintenance of
facilities, as well as treatment and disposal of faecal matter, must not limit people’s capacity to acquire
other basic goods and services, including food, housing, health and education guaranteed by other
human rights. Accordingly, affordability can be estimated by considering the financial means that
have to be reserved for the fulfilment of other basic needs and purposes and the means that are
available to pay for water and sanitation services.
Charges for services can vary according to type of connection and household income as long as they
are affordable. Only for those who are genuinely unable to pay for sanitation and water through their
own means, the State is obliged to ensure the provision of services free of charge (e.g. through social
tariffs or cross-subsidies). When water disconnections due to inability to pay are carried out, it must be
ensured that individuals still have at least access to minimum essential levels of water. Likewise, when
water-borne sanitation is used, water disconnections must not result in denying access to sanitation.
Answer:
4. How does the practice meet the criterion of quality/safety?
Explanatory note: Quality/Safety
Sanitation facilities must be hygienically safe to use, which means that they must effectively prevent
human, animal and insect contact with human excreta. They must also be technically safe and take into
account the safety needs of peoples with disabilities, as well as of children. Sanitation facilities must
further ensure access to safe water and soap for hand-washing. They must allow for anal and genital
cleansing as well as menstrual hygiene, and provide mechanisms for the hygienic disposal of sanitary
towels, tampons and other menstrual products. Regular maintenance and cleaning (such as emptying
of pits or other places that collect human excreta) are essential for ensuring the sustainability of
sanitation facilities and continued access. Manual emptying of pit latrines is considered to be unsafe
and should be avoided.
Water must be of such a quality that it does not pose a threat to human health. Transmission of waterborne diseases via contaminated water must be avoided.
Answer:
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5. How does the practice meet the criterion of acceptability?
Explanatory note: Acceptability
Water and sanitation facilities and services must be culturally and socially acceptable. Depending on
the culture, acceptability can often require privacy, as well as separate facilities for women and men
in public places, and for girls and boys in schools. Facilities will need to accommodate common
hygiene practices in specific cultures, such as for anal and genital cleansing. And women’s toilets need
to accommodate menstruation needs.
In regard to water, apart from safety, water should also be of an acceptable colour, odour and taste.
These features indirectly link to water safety as they encourage the consumption from safe sources
instead of sources that might provide water that is of a more acceptable taste or colour, but of unsafe
quality.
Answer:
6. How does the practice ensure non-discrimination?
Explanatory note: Non-discrimination
Non-discrimination is central to human rights. Discrimination on prohibited grounds including race,
colour, sex, age, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth,
physical or mental disability, health status or any other civil, political, social or other status must be
avoided, both in law and in practice.
In order to addresss existing discrimination, positive targeted measures may have to be adopted. In this
regard, human rights require a focus on the most marginalized and vulnerable to exclusion and
discrimination. Individuals and groups that have been identified as potentially vulnerable or
marginalized include: women, children, inhabitants of (remote) rural and deprived urban areas as well
as other people living in poverty, street kids and IDPs, minority groups, indigenous groups, , elderly
people, persons living with disabilities, persons living with HIV/AIDS or affected by other health
conditions, people living in water scarce-regions and sanitation workers amongst others.
Answer:
7. How does the practice ensure active, free and meaningful participation?
Explanatory note: Participation
Processes related to planning, design, construction, maintenance and monitoring of sanitation and
water services should be participatory. This requires a genuine opportunity to freely express demands
and concerns and influence decisions. Also, it is crucial to include representatives of all concerned
individuals, groups and communities in participatory processes.
To allow for participation in that sense, transparency and access to information is essential. To reach
people and actually provide accessible information, multiple channels of information have to be used.
Moreover, capacity development and training may be required – because only when existing
legislation and policies are understood, can they be utilised, challenged or transformed.
Answer:
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8. How does the practice ensure accountability?
Explanatory note: Accountability
The realization of human rights requires responsive and accountable institutions, a clear designation of
responsibilities and coordination between different entities involved. As for the participation of rightsholders, capacity development and training is essential for institutions. Furthermore, while the State
has the primary obligation to guarantee human rights, the numerous other actors in the water and
sanitation sector also should have accountability mechanisms. In addition to participation and access
to information mentioned above, communities should be able to participate in monitoring and
evaluation as part of ensuring accountability.
In cases of violations – be it by States or non-State actors –, States have to provide accessible and
effective judicial or other appropriate remedies at both national and international levels. Victims of
violations should be entitled to adequate reparation, including restitution, compensation, satisfaction
and/or guarantees of non-repetition.
Human rights also serve as a valuable advocacy tool in using more informal accountability
mechanisms, be it lobbying, advocacy, public campaigns and political mobilization, also by using the
press and other media.
Answer:
9. What is the impact of the practice?
Explanatory note: Impact
Good practices – e.g. laws, policies, programmes, campaigns and/or subsidies - should demonstrate a
positive and tangible impact. It is therefore relevant to examine the degree to which practices result in
better enjoyment of human rights, empowerment of rights-holders and accountability of duty bearers.
This criterion aims at capturing the impact of practices and the progress achieved in the fulfilment of
human rights obligations related to sanitation and water.
Answer:
10. Is the practice sustainable?
Explanatory note: Sustainability
The human rights obligations related to water and sanitation have to be met in a sustainable manner.
This means good practices have to be economically, environmentally and socially sustainable. The
achieved impact must be continuous and long-lasting. For instance, accessibility has to be ensured on
a continuous basis by adequate maintenance of facilities. Likewise, financing has to be sustainable. In
particular, when third parties such as NGOs or development agencies provide funding for initial
investments, ongoing financing needs for operation and maintenance have to met for instance by
communities or local governments. Furthermore, it is important to take into account the impact of
interventions on the enjoyment of other human rights. Moreover, water quality and availability have to
be ensured in a sustainable manner by avoiding water contamination and over-abstraction of water
resources. Adaptability may be key to ensure that policies, legislation and implementation withstand
the impacts of climate change and changing water availability.
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Answer:
Final remarks, challenges, lessons learnt
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