CV Mohan and Eduardo M. Leaño
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
Bangkok, Thailand
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
 Aquaculture
in Asia-Pacific (AP)
 Aquatic animal health in AP
 AP regional health program
 Regional issues and concerns
 Conclusions and way forward
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
 Global
fish production
◦ 145 mmt in 2009
 Aquaculture
fastest growing
food producing sector (8-10%
growth)
3% for live stock and 1.6% for
capture fisheries
 Aquaculture now accounts to
almost 50% of world’s food
fish
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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
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Fish consumption has been on the rise
◦ A-P accounts for nearly 70% of global
consumption
Per caput
◦ A-P: 43 kg/year
◦ Global: 22 kg/year
Based on current consumption
 By 2050: An extra 30 million tonnes needed
 Where does this “need” come from?
AQUACULTURE is the answer
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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
Top aquaculture producer in the world
In 2008, almost 90% of world aquaculture
production.
Oceania: 172,214 T
(0.3%)
Europe: 2,341,339
T (4.5%)
Africa: 940,440 T
(1.8%)
Americas: 2,405,166
T (4.6%)
Asia-Pacific: 46,687,046
T (88.8%)
Source: FAO, 2010
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

A-P dominated
aquaculture globally
Year
Global (t)
A-P (t)
1987
13,961,611
11,939,706
(85.5%)
1997
34,261,739
31,075,412
(90.7%)
2007
65,190,029
59,568,049
(91.4%)
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Top aquaculture (aquatic animals) producers in the world
in 2008 (FAO, 2010)
Rank
Country
1
China
2
Production (T)
Value (US$1000)
32,735,994
50,638,540
India
3,478,690
5,043,749
3
Vietnam
2,461,700
4,599,850
4
Indonesia
1,690,121
2,813,673
5
Thailand
1,374,024
2,202,075
6
Bangladesh
1,005,542
1,766,182
7
Norway
843,730
3,119,011
8
Chile
843,142
4,502,789
9
Philippines
741,142
1,576,141
Japan
732,374
3,104,346
10
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Rank
Species
Production
(T)
Value
(x1000 US$)
1
Silver carp
3,782,281
4,766,195
2
Grass carp
3,775,267
4,797,279
3
Common carp
2,987,433
3,696,415
4
Nile tilapia
2,334,432
3,208,561
5
Bighead carp
2,321,513
2,975,412
(Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix)
(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
(Cyprinus carpio)
(Oreochromis niloticus)
(Hypophthalmichthys
nobilis)
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Rank
Species
Production
(T)
Value
(x1000 US$)
6
Catla
2,281,838
3,303,124
7
Crucian carp
1,975,337
2,135,857
8
Atlantic salmon
1,456,721
7,204,152
9
Pangasius catfish
1,388,546
2,009,081
Rohu
1,159,454
1,334,193
10
(Catla catla)
(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
(Salmo salar)
(Pangansius/Pangasianodon
spp.)
(Labeo rohita)
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Pacific white shrimp
(Penaeus vannamei)
Vol. = 2,259,183 T
Val. = ~9 Billion US$
Manila Clam
(Ruditapes philippinarum)
Vol. = 3,141,851 T
Val. = ~3 Billion US$
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
‘Farmer owned/ leased, operated and
managed’
Indonesia

Thailand

 Freshwater ponds: 0.14 ha
 Coastal pond: 0.8 ha
 Freshwater pond: 0.28 ha

Vietnam catfish culture
 >55% under 4 ha
 But production per ha very high, average 350-400 t/ha/crop

Aquaculture in Asia will remain small-scale
◦ Health strategies have to “factor” this in
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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Aquaculture will intensify, diversify, and
expand
Production of all species groups will be
increased
New species will appear (exotics, e.g.
P.vannamei)
All environments will be increasingly utilized
Increasing influence of markets, trade and
consumption (food safety)
More and more resources will be used
International trade in live aquatic animals and
their products will increase
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
Increasing intensification


Continued diversification of species


Increased risk of introduction and spread of
pathogens (Trans-boundary pathogens)
Continued diversification of farming
systems


more disease outbreaks and disease
emergencies
Potential for spread of pathogens to wider
geographical areas
Economic and social cost of disease is
enormous (e.g. One billion $ annual loss in
China)
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
Fish
◦ Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)
◦ koi herpes virus disease (KHVD)
◦ Viral nervous necrosis (VNN)
◦ Grouper iridoviral disease (GID)
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Finfish Diseases (2010)
Country
EUS
VHS
Australia
+
+
Bangladesh
+
Infection
with KHV
Red seabream
Iridoviral dis.
GIV
Viral encephalopathy
and retinopathy
Enteric septicemia
of catfish
Strep. Infection
in tilapia
+
+
Cambodia
China PR
DPR Korea
Hong Kong
India
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Indonesia
+
Iran
Japan
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Lao PDR
Malaysia
+
+
Myanmar
Nepal
+
Pakistan
Philippines
+
Korea PR
+
+
+
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
+
+
+
+

Crustaceans
◦ White spot disease (WSD)
◦ Taura syndrome (TS)
◦ Infectious myonecrosis (IMN)
◦ White tail disease (WTD)
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Crustacean Diseases (2010)
Country
TS
WSD
YHD
Spherical
Baculovirus
IHHN
MrNV
Infectious
myonecrosis
MSGS
Milky Lobster
disease
+
+
Australia
Bangladesh
+
Cambodia
China PR
DPR Korea
Hong Kong
+
India
+
Indonesia
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Iran
Japan
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
+
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Korea PR
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

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Crustaceans
◦ Monodon Slow growth syndrome (TGAV/LSV ??)
◦ Loose Shell syndrome in P.monodon
◦ Abdominal segment deformity syndrome in P.vannamei
◦ White faeces syndrome in vannamei and tiger
Finfish
◦ Edwardsiella tarda in marine species
◦ Streptococcus agalactiae major problem in Tilapia culture
◦ Streptococcus iniae in marine and also freshwater species
◦ Tenacibaculum maritimum in marine species
Mollusk
◦ Ganglioneuritis in abalone
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Reduce risks of aquatic animal disease
impacting on livelihoods of aquaculture
farmers, national economies, trade and
human health
Program in 21 countries coordinated and
facilitated by intergovernmental NACA
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Regional and international cooperation in aquatic
animal health improved
Practical national strategies developed, adopted and
implemented in member countries
Surveillance, reporting and response to disease
emergencies in the region improved
Harmonized diagnostic procedures and approaches
to risk assessment developed in the region
Widespread adoption of better aquatic animal health
management practices in the region
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

Asia Regional Advisory Group (AG) on Aquatic
Animal Health
10-member expert group (aquatic health
experts, OIE Aquatic Animal Health
Standards Commission, FAO, OIE
Regional Representation for Asia-Pacific
and NACA);
Advises member governments of NACA
Revises the list of diseases for regional
(QAAD) reporting system;
NACA facilitating annual Advisory Group
meetings since 2002 (AGM9-in Bangkok in
November 2010)
Reports tabled at the OIE-AAHSC
meetings
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

EU-ASEM Aquaculture Platform under
the EU-FP7 project (2009-2013)
◦ Europe-Asia steering group on aquatic animal
health established
◦ Formal mechanism for utilizing the networks
and expertise
◦ Resource document of aquatic animal health
networks and initiatives in Europe and Asia
published
◦ e-newsletter and active discussion forums
will be established
◦ Project facilitated joint research proposals
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Regional resource base identified and
operational
3-tier Regional Resource Base
Regional Resource
Experts
(RRE)
Regional Resource
Centres
(RRC)
Regional Reference
Laboratories
(RRL)
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

Asia Regional Technical
Guidelines (TG): Global Context.
 Consistent with FAO code of conduct for
responsible fisheries
 OIE Aquatic Code and Aquatic Manual
 ICES protocols
 Adopted by 21 countries in Asia-Pacific
 Adopted by ASWGFi of the ASEAN
 Promoting implementation of TG is the
main focus of NACA’s health program
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Elements in TG
Progress made (Number of
Countries)
good
moderate
low
Disease diagnosis
10
6
5
Health certification and quarantine measures
10
5
6
Disease zoning
3
3
15
Disease surveillance and reporting
8
8
5
Contingency planning
3
7
11
Import risk analysis
4
4
13
National strategies and policy frameworks
11
4
6
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SOPs for health certification and quarantine
Measures for the Responsible Movement of
Live Food Finfish within ASEAN (2007)
◦ AADCP-RPS project (NACA, ASEC, AusVet, ASEAN
governments)
◦ Participated by all 10 ASEAN countries
◦ Final draft of SOPs completed in Feb 2007
◦ Has become an ASEAN policy document
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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Facilitating research towards improved
diagnostics (e.g. use of PCR;
histopathology, epidemiology, etc)
Inter-calibration of fish health services
(e.g. PCR calibration among Aquatic
Animal Health Services in India,
Indonesia and Vietnam);
Capacity building in risk analysis (e.g.
APEC-funded project on Import Risk
Analysis; 2002-2004)
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Year
Thailand (Number
of samples tested
for WSSV)
2004
14129
2005
8613
2006
7380
2007
6424
2008
3419
Myanmar (Number
of samples tested
for WSSV)
Philippines
(Number of samples
tested) for WSSV)
150
288
225
118
183
2355
199
1317
157
574
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Result
Interpretation
India I
India II
Indonesia I
Indonesia II
Vietnam I
Vietnam II
Perfect scores
Fine
17 (46%)
6 (19%)
10 (30%)
7 (23%)
14 (44%)
14 (58%)
Failed to identify only
weak positives
Sensitivity not
optimized
3 (8%)
13 (40%)
4 (12%)
6 (20%)
7 (22%)
6 (25%)
Failed to identify
moderate/severe
positives
Major
sensitivity
problem
6 (16%)
6 (19%)
10 (30%)
8 (27%)
3 (9%)
0 (0%)
Failed to identify
negatives
Contamination
problem
9 (24%)
2 (6%)
4 (12%)
4 (13%)
3 (10%)
1 (4%)
Failed to identify both
positives and negatives
Total system
failure
2 (6%)
6 (19%)
5 (15%)
5 (17%)
5 (15%)
3 (12%)
TOTAL responses
37
32
33
30
32
24
Non-responses
12 (26%)
19 (37%)
1 (3%)
0 (0%)
13 (29%)
4 (14.3%)
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

Utilizing the regional expertise to address disease
emergencies
◦ Emergency technical mission to Indonesia in 2002, in the
wake of KHV outbreaks
◦ Emergency technical mission to Iran, in the wake of WSD
outbreaks in Busher province in 2005
◦ Emergency technical assistance to Indonesia in 2006, in the
wake of IMNV outbreaks
◦ Emergency technical assistance to Vietnam in 2007, in the
wake of milky lobster disease
◦ Initiating emergency assistance to Vietnam in 2011 in the
wake of serious shrimp diseases
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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NACA/FAO/OIE Quarterly
Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD)
Reporting
QAAD has been initiated since
the 3rd quarter of 1998;
◦ Till date 50 QAAD reports
published
Recommendation from
NACA/OIE Expert Consultation
in 1996;
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Myanmar
21 Participating Countries
OIE Global Conference on AAHPanama
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
List of diseases revised annually
by the AG;
Includes all OIE listed diseases
plus diseases of regional concern.
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Disease reporting by member governments
has improved significantly in recent years.
Efficient diagnostic techniques are now
used to screen and detect many viral and
bacterial pathogens of fish and shrimps.


1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
I
13
17
7
9
8
8
9
7
9
7
4
10
5
II
2
2
3
3
7
6
7
10
7
13
6
6
7
III
5
6
5
6
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
* I – observation of animal and the environment; clinical examination; II – parasitology, bacteriology, mycology
and histopathology; III – virology, electron microscopy, molecular biology, immunology.
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

Reports are widely distributed:
printed copies and free downloads
from NACA website (www.enaca.org)
Total number of web downloads of each QAAD reports from 1998-2010.
Quarter
Year
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Q1
260
231
587
650
1229
914
Q2
264
201
554
550
950
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1149
634
652
634
622
446*
1098
1321
613
658
687
592
289*
172*
Q3
268
265
223
582
665
1132
795
1065
591
686
550
600
Q4
238
665
512
212
659
824
681
1023
51
721
484
342
Mean
253
364
292
484
631
992
872
1140
590
629
589
539
* Reports made available online in late July (Q1) and late October (Q2) 2010, and early February (Q3) 2011.
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
2010
302
Aquatic animal diseases initially listed in QAAD that have been
listed in OIE. (early warning system for emerging diseases)
Year Listed
Disease
QAAD
OIE
Infection with Koi Herpesvirus
2004
2007
Abalone viral mortality
2005
2007
White tail disease (MrNV)
2005
2008
Necrotising hepatopancreatitis
2005
2010
Infectious myonecrosis (IMN)
2006
2009
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Regional Aquatic animal diseases listed in QAAD (2011)
Disease
Grouper Iridoviral Disease
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
Enteric septicaemia of catfish
Infection with Marteilioides chungmuensis
Acute viral necrosis (in scallops)
Akoya oyster disease
Monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS)
Milky hemolypmh disease of spiny lobster
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Benefits:





Serves as early warning system for emerging
threats;
Valuable source of information to support risk
analysis;
establishment of excellent regional networking in
support of disease surveillance and reporting in
the region.
Serves as guide to participating countries in
revising their national list of reportable diseases
Very strongly complements and supports the OIE
disease reporting systems
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Way Forward:


Development of OIE/NACA WAHIS
Regional Core is in progress;
OIE/NACA WAHIS Regional Core
will replace the paper-based QAAD
reporting system once it is fully
implemented.
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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

Working with many governments and
partners
Working on key commodities (shrimp,
catfish)
Identifying risk factors and developing
interventions (e.g. better management
practices)
Promoting the adoption of BMPs through
group/cluster approach
◦ Example: 752 clusters with over 16,000
small farmers implementing shrimp BMPs
in India
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama

Scientifically validated BMPs
when applied properly by
small scale farmers using the
cluster/group approach will
◦ improve production efficiency
◦ reduce costs of production
◦ maximize economic returns.
◦ Support compliance to stringent food
safety, aquatic animal health and
market requirements.
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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
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


1. Spread of IMN in Indonesia
Potential for it to spread to other countries in
the region
Potential for it to spread to native P.monodon
Need for a regional approach to prevent its
spread
NACA IMN alert messages sent to all CA’s
IMN information brochure sent to all countries
Need for developing a regional contingency
plan
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Spread of IMNV in Indonesia (2006-2010)
Initially reported in Situbondo District, East Java in May 2006 and was contained in this area until
2008.
2009: more districts of East Java (Situ, Banyuwangi, Blitar and Malang); Bali (Jembrana); Lampung
(Pesawaran and South Lampung Dist.), West Nusa Tenggara (East Lombok) and Central Java (Jepara, Blora,
Kendal and Rembang)
2010: more districts of East Java (Bangil, Pasuran and Lamongan); West Nusa Tenggara (West Sumbawa);
West Java; Aceh; West Kalimantan; South Kalimantan.
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Available for free download at www.enaca.org
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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2. Major shrimp disease outbreak in Vietnam
Over 50,000 ha in 7 coastal provinces of
Mekong Delta affected
Both tiger and white shrimp affected
Confirmatory diagnosis still not available
National, regional and international efforts are
underway to address the situation
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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
3. Other unconfirmed shrimp disease problems
India (both tiger and white shrimp)
China (Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong
provinces)
Malaysia
Both tiger and white shrimp cultured together
Need for close monitoring, surveillance and
follow up
Need for sharing the information
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama



4. Expansion of P.vannamei farming
Introduced to several countries in the region (e.g.
China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India,
Philippines, Malaysia)
Limited understanding of the SPF concept
◦ Market tool?
◦ Health management tool to promote bio-security?


Using pond raised brood stock is a major concern
Not using the routine PCR seed screening tools
while choosing SPF seed is a major worry (this is a
very common practice for P.monodon seed
selection)
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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

5. Exotic and native-long term outlook
Now in many countries both tiger and white
shrimp are cultured in same geographical
locations and in some cases as poly-culture
Provides excellent opportunities for transfer of
pathogens between two species
Already the region has TSV and IMNV
P.vannamei has brought in lot of economic
benefits but is there a time bomb waiting to
explode?
Occurrence of exotic diseases in resource poor
countries could pose significant risk to others
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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

6. WSD in Brunei
First report of WSSV from Brunei in
P.stylirostris
Achieving fool proof bio-security is very
difficult
This provided a good example of national
efforts in containing the problem
Also showed that it is very expensive to
implement a stamping out operation
Highlights the importance of timely availability
of technical and financial resources
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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


7. Introduction of new stocks of native species
Introduction of wild P. monodon broodstock
from Africa (Mozambique) and Australia to Asia
for setting up domestication programs
Need for proper risk analysis
Tendency to lower the stringency for import
requirements and health inspections as
compared to an exotic species
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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



8. Re-emergence of EUS
There is a feeling of complacency in many
countries
Severity of outbreaks is serious in some of the
countries (e.g. India)
Huge economic losses in culture systems
Also an issue for export of ornamentals to EU
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama


9. Intensification
Mekong striped catfish
◦ 200-400 tonnes/ha/crop in Vietnam
◦ System unique to Vietnam and Mekong Delta

Catfish in India and Bangladesh
◦ 30-40 tonnes/ha/crop

Red Tilapia
◦ Series of problems in recent years in Thailand, Indonesia
and Vietnam (Streptococcus infection)

Limited focus on low value species. Much of the
attention is on high value species. This needs to
change
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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


10. Increased focus on molecular diagnostics
In the last decade more capacity built in the region
for molecular biology and its applications
Reduced interest in conventional diagnostics and
hence reduced capacity for histopathology,
bacteriology, mycology and parasitology
Limited capacity for epidemiology and risk analysis
Consequence
◦ holistic approach in dealing with new disease outbreaks
and emerging disease events lacking
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama


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11. Aquaculture Certification
Perception concerning Asia Pacific
◦ Public institutions not able to enforce full compliance to
international mandatory standards (e.g. food safety and
animal health) and other voluntary standards (e.g.
environment and social)
Mushrooming of private standards and third party
certification schemes
◦ Confusion to small scale primary producers
◦ Will they help to improve compliance to animal health
standards?

Clear need for provision of services to the small
scale sector to enhance compliance to both
mandatory and voluntary standards
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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
12. Cooperation between veterinary and
fisheries authorities
In many of the AP countries, aquatic animal
health responsibilities come under the fisheries
departments
Nomination of OIE aquatic focal points is a
significant step forward
Need to further strengthen the cooperation
◦ Better implement the national strategies
◦ Enhance participation of aquatic animal health
experts in the OIE standard setting process
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
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

13. National Government Support
Compared to livestock, aquatic animal health
management receives less attention and
priority from governments in AP
Hence a strong need to quantify the social and
economic cost of aquatic animal diseases
◦ Not available for many countries
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama




Aquaculture will diversify, expand and
intensify and disease risk will increase in AP
Trade (movement of live animals and their
products) will happen and diseases will
spread in AP
AP should aim to promote responsible
aquaculture and responsible trade
Having effective national strategies will help
to comply with mandatory and voluntary
national and international requirements and
standards
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama


NACA endeavors to support governments in Asia
Pacific through projects and capacity building
activities to strengthen compliance to all standards
and requirements including OIE code and standards
NACA will continue to cooperate and collaborate
with international (e.g. OIE, FAO) and regional (e.g.
SEAFDEC, ASEAN, SAARC) organizations and
promote implementation of a strong aquatic animal
health program in Asia-Pacific.
OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama
Thank you....
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OIE Global Conference on AAH-Panama