National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Structural Collapse Technician
Training – Ver 3.1
Module : 4 – Part c
Lifting & Moving
Critical Angles
Concrete Anchor Sys
Lifting Equipment &
Techniques
Cranes & Rigging
Jan08
9Jul12
SCT4- c Slide 1
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Critical Angles
SCT4- c Slide 2
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Critical Angle Considerations
120
DEGREES
Load 500 lbs..
120 degrees is 1/3 of a 360 degree circle
Too Flat of Angle for Heavy Lifting
SCT4- c Slide 3
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Critical Angle Considerations
Bigger Angle Reduces
Horizontal Force in
Anchors and Tension
Force in Sling
Smaller Angle
Increases Horizontal
Force in Anchors and
Tension in Sling
SCT4- c Slide 4
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
500lb
500lb
Effects Of Sling Angles
0 lb
288 lb
500 lb
866 lb
1000lb
1000lb
1000lb
1000lb
90 deg
60 deg
45 deg
30 deg
 As the angle gets flatter, more horizontal force
(compression) is generated at the top of the Load
 In order to provide the same (500 lb) vertical lift, the
sling tension becomes larger, since it must lift +
compress the load (or spreader bar)
SCT4- c Slide 5
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Compensating for Loading
 Steeper Angles
for Faster
Currents
 When In Doubt,
Let It Out
SCT4- c Slide 6
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Concrete Anchors
Systems
Wedge Anchors
Concrete Screws
Through Bolts
Undercut Anchors
SCT4- c Slide 7
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Wedge Anchors
Torque controlled, expansion anchors require clean,
proper sized holes, set with Torque Wrench.
Have Reduced Capacity in Cracked Concrete
SCT4- c Slide 8
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Small Concrete Screws
Hilti, Simpson or Topcon
Use 1/4” to connect
devices - Smartlevels
Need drill & driver
 drill bit in each box
 use Std. hex driver
Use 1/4” x 1 1/4”
for connecting devices
 I” embedment
175 lb tension
350 lb shear (design load)
SCT4- c Slide 9
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Larger Concrete Screws
 Size 3/8”, 1/2”, & 5/8””
 May use instead of wedge
anchors for light lifting
 More of Undercut Anchor
 Should work better in cracked
concrete
 Need drill and impact driver
 Simpson & Hilti easy to drive,
but requires deep penetration
 Tension or Shear
 3/8” screw w/ 3 3/4” embed has
strength similar to 1/2” wedge
anchors (2000lb Ten & Shear)
SCT4- c Slide 10
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Through Bolt
Simplest and best but not often possible
Bolt or rod with
double nuts and
a large washer
SCT4- c Slide 11
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Undercut Anchors
Requires precision hole w / special bit.
when bolt is tightened, prongs extend from
bolt to bear on enlarged surface of hole
Not Practical for US&R
SCT4- c Slide 12
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Spacing & edge distance
 Min edge distance = 6 x diameter of bolt
 Min spacing = 12 x diameter of bolt
 Min depth = 6 dia x diameter of bolt
 Better depth = 9 dia x diameter of bolt
SCT4- c Slide 13
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Strength Reducers
Cracks
Too close to edge
Overlap cones - too close spacing SCT4- c Slide 14
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Ultimate Load vs Design Load




Working load = Allowable working load
Working load = Design Load
Design load = 1/4 ultimate load
Design load = 1/5 ultimate for moving
systems
 Proof load = 2 x working load
(Most MFRs do not use the term “Safe”)
SCT4- c Slide 15
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Installation
 Hole size very important
 Use metal detector to avoid rebar
 Need to clean holes, especially for epoxy
 Torque all expansion bolts = test
 Adhesive anchors require very clean hole, set
time, and limited vibration
 Acrylic, get initial set in 7 min & full cure in 35 min.
at 60 degrees F
 Also Acrylic can be set under water and at 0
degrees F
 Concrete screws require drill bit & driver
SCT4- c Slide 16
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Installation of Hoist Ring & Wedge Anchor
SCT4- c Slide 17
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Hammer Anchor into place
Make sure that hammer strikes nut, not
top of anchor
SCT4- c Slide 18
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Torque Anchor To 50 Ft-lb
SCT4- c Slide 19
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Difficult to know the concrete’s
ability to hold itself, use caution
when using bolts.
SCT4- c Slide 20
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Lifting Devices
 Steel Swivel Hoist Rings/Hooks
 Eye Nuts
 Steel Angles
 Used only when a better way of
connecting to concrete is not available.
(Sling, strap, or wire rope choker is not
practical).
SCT4- c Slide 21
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Steel Swivel Hoist Rings
SCT4- c Slide 22
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Steel Swivel Hoist Rings
 Pivot 180 deg & swivel 360 deg
 Usually are proof load tested
 Use with wedge anchor
 Remove machine bolt (replace after use)
 Torque required for wedge anchor is
greater than torque listed for Hoist Ring but
works fine for better quality Hoist Ring.
 Don’t buy Hoist Rings w/o testing them,
(buy only from known manufacturer)
SCT4- c Slide 23
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Swivel Hooks
 Use with shackles
to create
connection points.
 Prevents load from
spinning, twisting
sling legs
SCT4- c Slide 24
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Eye Nuts
 Attach over nut of
installed wedge
anchor
 Load in tension only
(within 15 deg.)
 Capacity determined
by anchor and depth
 Tightened eye to nut
SCT4- c Slide 25
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Eye Nut Strength
Reductions
(not the shackle)
30% strength at 45 deg
0% strength at 90 deg
Not Recommended
100% strength
at 0 deg SCT4- c Slide 26
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Steel Angles
 Must be engineered
 Need minimum of two anchor bolts
 Use only if other methods are not available
Two -1/2”
wedge
anchors
2000lb
1” hole
L3x3x1/2x0-9
9/16” holes
6”
1 1/2”
Could use 2-3/8 x 4” concrete screws, 2000lb lift
SCT4- c Slide 27
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Steel Tee
 Use with 1/2”x 5 ½ ” Wedge Anchors
or 3/8”x 4” Screws
 Best for tension loads but may be loaded in
shear as shown
2000lb *
1 ½”
2000lb
13/16” hole
WT3x7.5x0-4
2- ½”x 5 ½”
Wedge Anch.
in 9/16” holes
3 ½”
* = value of wedge anch is reduced due to spacing
SCT4- c Slide 28
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Rigging Tools
SCT4- c Slide 29
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Wire Rope Terms
Wire rope
Strand
Rope core:
FC, IWRC, WSC
wire
SCT4- c Slide 30
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Wire Rope Inspection
 Should be done on regular basis
 Check for:
 Broken wires - depends on location
 Crushed strands
 Kinks, bird caging, & protruding core
 Stretch, diameter reduction
 Abrasion and corrosion
 Fatigue and electric arc
SCT4- c Slide 31
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Wire Rope: Discard Conditions
Kinks
Bird Cage
Popped Core
SCT4- c Slide 32
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Wire Rope: Discard Conditions
Core failure
lay angle
increases
strands bind
and take oval
shape
Rope stretch
reduce diameter
and increase lay
SCT4- c Slide 33
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Wire Rope Loop
Terminations
Wire Rope Clips
U bolt & Fist Grip
Flemish
Eye
Fold Back
Eye
(95%)
(Don’t use for lifting)
(80%)
SCT4- c Slide 34
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Cable Clips – and Thimbles
One clip
width
Need Seizing
at rope end
 Clips are installed in succession & torqued per
Manufacturers Instructions.
 Example shows loop end w/ & w/o thimble.
SCT4- c Slide 35
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Cable Clip - Installation
 Turn back, place
1st clip & tighten
 2nd clip only snug
 Place other clips
at equal spacing
 Apply tension and
tighten clips
See Crosby Panel 16
 Recheck nut
torque after initial
operations
SCT4- c Slide 36
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Chain Sling Identification
 There are two types of
Alloy Lifting Chain
 Grade 8 & Grade 10
 Marking; A, T, 8, 80, or
800, for 10 mark = 10
or 100
 Only use these grades
of chains for US&R
Lifting
SCT4- c Slide 37
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Chain Sling Problems
Chain
stretch
Twisted
links
Gouged
links
SCT4- c Slide 38
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Nylon & Polyester
Web Slings








Unilink fittings
Triangle and choker fittings
Triangle fittings both ends
Flat eye on both ends
Twisted eye on both ends
Endless (grommet)
Endless with reverse eyes
Note tag
SCT4- c Slide 39
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Synthetic Slings
Web and Round
SCT4- c Slide 40
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Synthetic Sling Types
 Nylon.
 General purpose, unaffected by grease & oil,
many chemicals except acids.
 Loose 15% strength when wet.
 Polyester.
 Unaffected by most chemicals including mild
acid and water. Disintegrate in sulfuric acid.
 Aramid, Kevlar, Dacron, Nomex.
 Resistant to most weak chemicals.
 High density polyethylene.
 Resistant to most chemicals.
SCT4- c Slide 41
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Synthetic Slings
 Must include manufacturer’s sewn on tag

Gives fiber type and safe working load
 Provided with protective cover - seamless
 Use corner protection
 Need careful inspection
 Do stretch - up to 10% ; polyethylene = 1%
 Very light weight and easy to use
 Minimize twisting & spinning during lifting
SCT4- c Slide 42
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Sling Arrangements
 Single vertical hitch
 Basket hitch
 Choker hitch
 Double basket hitch
 Double choker hitch
 Bridle hitch
SCT4- c Slide 43
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Sling Hitch Types
Vertical
1 X cap
Basket
2 X cap
Choker
3/4 X cap
Capacities assuming sling angle = 90 deg (vertical)
SCT4- c Slide 44
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Single Basket Hitch
Most efficient
when H is as
large as L
(When legs are
near Vertical)
SCT4- c Slide 45
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Double Basket Hitch
Much better Control of Load
SCT4- c Slide 46
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Single Choker Hitch
Endless, synthetic round sling
Gives same effect as a Double Choker
SCT4- c Slide 47
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Double Choker Hitch
Enclosed angle should not be more than 90
deg for all Chokers
Much better Control of Load
SCT4- c Slide 48
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Wire Rope/Chain Tighteners
 Turnbuckle
 Load Binder
SCT4- c Slide 49
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Portable Cable Winch
Come a Long
Safety Issues
Working Load = 1.5 to 3 tons
Inspect carefully
Do not use Handle Extender
SCT4- c Slide 50
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Grip - Hoist
 TU-32
 4,000 pound
capacity uses 7/16
wire rope
 TU-28
 8,000 pound
capacity uses 5/8
rope
SCT4- c Slide 51
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Chain Hoists, Falls, & Ratchet Levers
Up to 6 ton
wt to 80 lb
Up to 5 ton Up to 6 ton
wt to 84 lb wt to 46 lb
SCT4- c Slide 52
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Turnbuckles
Eye
Jaw
Hook
Hook end is from 1/2 to 2/3 as strong as EYE
S.F.=5, Take-up = 24”max, Need Inspect
SCT4- c Slide 53
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Shackle Types
Used for straight pulls & chokers
Screw Pin
Round Pin
Use these
mostly
hard to
place key
Safety Type Screw Pin
Too slow & Chain Type
danger of
wrong bolt
Also is special Screw Pin Type for Synthetic Slings
SCT4- c Slide 54
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Shackles
SCT4- c Slide 55
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Shackle at Hook or Choker
Washers can be used as spacers at hook hangs more evenly
YES - pin can’t
roll under load
NO - moving rope can
unscrew pin
SCT4- c Slide 56
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Incorrect Uses of Shackles
SCT4- c Slide 57
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
CRANES
SCT4- c Slide 58
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Cranes used for Collapse Rescue
 Pre-incident information.
List of resources available in
your area.
Develop a telephone call-up list.
Know projected response times.
SCT4- c Slide 59
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Cranes used for Collapse Rescue
 Hydraulic Truck Crane
 Rough Terrain Crane
 Lattice Boom Cranes
 Truck Mounted
 Crawler Mounted
 Need 1000’ square feet of area to
operate most cranes. (35’ x 35’)
 Need much larger area to setup most
larger cranes
 Especially Lattice Boom Cranes
 Crawlers require most space since they
arrive with many trucks
SCT4- c Slide 60
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Hydraulic Cranes 
On mobile chassis
 Some AWD & AWS
 Uses outriggers
 Self-contained
 Fast to set up
 Rated by lifting
capacity in tons
 At 10 ft radius
 Variable length boom
SCT4- c Slide 61
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Rough Terrain Cranes
 Referred to as RT or
pick and carry crane
 Have “on rubber”
capacity rating
 Are trucked to site
 More adapt to
traveling on uneven
surfaces
 Need to be level to lift
SCT4- c Slide 62
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Lattice Boom Cranes
Conventional
 Components usually
hauled on several
trucks
 Rigging
 Jib
 Counterweight
 Boom
 Determine boom length
at initial setup
 May be Truck or Crawler
SCT4- c Slide 63
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Crane is Complex Machine - Internally
 Maximum lifting capacity is reduced the
farther the crane is from the load.
 Cranes are considered complex machines
that combine multiple simple machines.
SCT4- c Slide 64
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Crane Stability - Simple Lever
L1 x W1
L2 X W2
Big Weight x Small Dist. = Small Load x Big Dist.
(Resisting Moment)
(Load Moment)
SCT4- c Slide 65
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Lattice Boom Crane
Change of
Direction
Pulleys
Counter
Weight
Main/Traveling
Block
SCT4- c Slide 66
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Rescue / Crane Operations
SCT4- c Slide 67
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Lifting Quadrants
 Over Front, Sides, Rear
 May have different ratings (some are same 360 deg)
 Cranes ability to counter balance
 Similar to a Load Chart for Aerial Ladder Truck
Over Front
Over Front
Over
Side
Over
Side
Over Rear
On O.Riggers
Over
Side
Over
Side
Over Rear
On Rubber
SCT4- c Slide 68
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Lifting from the Whip Line
 Headache Ball and Anti-Two
Block Set
 Rigged as a Single Line
 Load moves faster, but more
difficult to control small
movement
 Limited to capacity of one wire
rope
 Periodically inspect the
wedge socket for slippage
SCT4- c Slide 69
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Lifting from Main Block
Sometimes called Traveling Block
 The larger the number of lines, the greater the
capacity, but the load moves slower
 With more lines, easier control of small
movement
4 Part Line
2 Part Line
SCT4- c Slide 70
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Crane with multi-line setup
Main Block & Whip Line
 Main/Traveling Block is
Rigged as a 4:1 = 4 Part Line
 May be 6 part or more
 Whip Line = Single Line
 Operator must take care so
Single Line does not get
tangled around Main Lines
 Can be caused by Rapid Swing
of Boom
SCT4- c Slide 71
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Moving the Load / Rigging Tactics
 Securing the
Load
 Adjusting the
Rigging
 Placement of
the Load
 Removing the
Equipment
SCT4- c Slide 72
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Lifting or Moving a Load
Functions to be Addressed
 Center of gravity – Uniform Density
 Load stability - Fluids
 wedges & cribbing
 Estimating Load weight
 Lifting Functions
 critical angle
 Shoot for a 45 degree sling angle
SCT4- c Slide 73
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Adjusting the Rigging
 Check that all
slings/hooks/connect
or are free of twists
and are aligned in
direction of pull
 Any unused sling
legs must be secured
 Load should not
jump from ground,
slow controlled
moves
SCT4- c Slide 74
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Checking the Balance
 As the load leaves
the ground it will
shift and locate
itself directly below
the hook
 As tension is
applied stand clear
of the load keep
hands and feet
clear
SCT4- c Slide 75
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Checking Center of Gravity
 If load does not come
up level, sit it down
and relocate more
directly over CG
 The part of the load
that comes up last
indicates the direction
to shift the rigging &
hook
 After moving hook,
recheck sling legs
SCT4- c Slide 76
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Sling Leg Adjustment
 May need to change
the type of hitch used
to shorten or lengthen
 Use softeners as
needed
 Change attachment
points, by moving
closer in or farther
apart
SCT4- c Slide 77
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Rules of Thumb
 Leg of Sling 30 deg to  Figure Multi-leg bridles
to lift on no more than
flat, double the load
2 legs
 Leg of Sling 45 deg to
flat, 1 ½ time the load  Chains too brittle
below 32 deg F
 Choker de-rates sling
 Work from top to
25%
bottom, trace out Load
Paths
 Lose 50% rating of
rigging when bending  Crib around the victim
rope around of equal  20 Feet from Electric
or less than diameter
wires
SCT4- c Slide 78
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Common Rigging Considerations

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
Double “T”
Wood Trusses
No Rapid Swinging
Using Rigging as Shoring
Obtaining a gap for slings
Don’t Move a disaster from one spot to
another, block load when landed
SCT4- c Slide 79
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Summary
Lifting or Moving a Load
 Center of Gravity
 Load stability
 Wedges, cribbing
& ropes
 Estimating load
weight
 Rating of rigging
 Place to land load
 Load clear to be lifted
 Load de-energized
 Shifting centers of
gravity (fluids)
 Can the piece being
lifted hold it’s own
weight?
 Can you stabilize load
where it lands?
 Hands & Feet
SCT4- c Slide 80
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Requesting the Appropriate Crane
 Estimate the potential load.
 Find the heaviest thing to lift and measure the
distance to it from the center of where you will spot
the crane.
 The greater the distance, the larger the crane.
 Provide access to the scene.
 The bigger the crane the longer the response,
set-up time, and setup area needed.
 Answer 20 questions, use US&R Crane Forms.
 CU-1 to help when ordering a crane
 RAP as planning tool and hand-off info at shift change
SCT4- c Slide 81
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Basic Requirements
Related to on-scene Crane Operations
 Assign Heavy Equip & Rigging Spec (HERS) +
Rescue Leader as Crane Liaison.
 Prepare for Crane Operations.
 Pick best location to locate & to setup.
 Clear debris from set-up area.
 Determine weights of critical pieces to be moved
Get help from Structures Spec
 Must have knowledge of hand signals.
SCT4- c Slide 82
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Structural Collapse Technician Training
Safety Rules
 Know Weight
 Allow low D/d for wire rope
 Know C.G.
 Reduce ratings for chokers
 Know Rigging Ratings
 Inspect Before Use
 Only use Grade 8 or equal
chain
 Use Softeners
 Use Tag Lines as needed
 Allow for increased
Tension when loaded
 Stay Clear of Lift
 Lift a couple of inches and
re-check
 Once a Choker is loaded
do not force hitch down  Start & Stop Slowly
SCT4- c Slide 83
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
More Rules
 Watch for Obstacles
 Only One Person Signals
 Use known Hand Signals
 Know Swing Radius of Crane
 Keep Lift Line Vertical
 Allow for Wind Loading, No Lifts if Wind
greater than 35mph (Special Care over 25mph)
 Respect your Gut Feeling
 Keep Alert
SCT4- c Slide 84
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
FEMA US&R
Crane Use Form
CU-1
Intended to be
useful when
ordering Cranes
May need one for
each Crane
SCT4- c Slide 85
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
FEMA US&R
Rigging Action
Plan – RAP
1
2
etc
Load data 1
Load data 2
Intended to be redone each
Operational
Period.
Also useful to
hand-off info to
next shift
Sketch that locates loads by number
SCT4- c Slide 86
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Crane Hand
Signals
 These are basic
signals
 Riggers use slang and
body language
 Concerns hoist and
boom travel
 Up, down, left, and
right
 Stand where crane
operator can see you
SCT4- c Slide 87
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Use Hand Signals to Guide Movement
 Use of these hand signals in the
positioning a Ladder Co’s Aerial Ladder
 Raising & Lowering Loads with Rope
 Raising & Lowering Loads with
Levers/air Bags
 Use Tag Lines to Control the Load
 Raise Load, Lower Load, Stop, Lock off,
 Extend Boom, Retract Boom
SCT4- c Slide 88
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Summary
 Gravity
 Center of Gravity
 Mass
&Equilibrium
 Friction
 Mechanics,
Energy, Work &
Power
 Moment of force
 Mechanical
Advantage
 Inclined Planes &
Levers
 Pulleys
 A-Frame Gantry
 Air bags
 Wedges &
Cribbing
 Calculating
Weights
 Anchor Systems &
Lifting Devices
SCT4- c Slide 89
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Summary
 Wire Rope
 Wire Rope
Inspections
 Wire Rope Fittings
and Terminations
 Sling types, Chain
& Synthetic
 Sling
Arrangements
 Wire Rope
Tighteners
 Eye Bolts &
Shackles
 Types of Cranes
 Considerations for
Crane use
 Crane hand
signals
SCT4- c Slide 90
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Manual Lifting & Moving Station
SCT4- c Slide 91
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Crane Operations & Bolting Station
SCT4- c Slide 92
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Air Bags, Lifting & Stabilization Station
SCT4- c Slide 93
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System
Structural Collapse Technician Training
Conclusion of Part c
 Questions?
 Discussion?
 Next: Practical Rotations
SCT4- c Slide 94