園藝學原理
Chapter 6 – 光線
LIGHT
羅筱鳳 教授
國立臺灣大學 園藝暨景觀學系
【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示
－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出】
1
Back to the Land

Rural poverty and food shortage are forcing nations
and scientists to engineer a new Green Revolution.
But there’s a lot of lost ground to make up
(Time, Oct. 26, 2009)
2
大








綱
光合作用
植物空間配置與光線截取關係
白化作用
色素效用
光週性
光量與植物生長
光源及其用途
光量測系統
3
INTRODUCTION

Plants respond to light quality, quantity, &
photoperiod（光週）

Light is electromagnetic radiation（電磁波輻射）(fig. 7-2)

Wave

Particles: photons （光子）
4
Fig. 7.2 Electromagnetic spectrum
電磁波長400-700nm範圍為可視光
Fig. 7.2 Electromagnetic spectrum
5
光線屬於電磁波輻射
Fig. 7.1 Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave
6
光合作用過程（附圖5-12, 圖7.10）

光吸收

色素：葉綠素、輔助色素（如類胡蘿蔔素）
光能傳遞：激發能(excitation energy)
 波長漸長，能量減少

光化學反應






反應中心：PS1, PS2
氧化還原反應
電子傳遞
ATP, NADPH2形成
暗反應



Calvin cycle
CO2固定
碳水化合物形成
7
採光天線
8
(Nobel, P. S. 1999. Physical and Environmental Plant Physiology.)
Fig. 7.10 Basic concept of energy
transfer during photosynthesis
9
Photosynthesis



12H2O + light + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Chloroplasts (fig. 7-15)
Process of photosynthesis
 Light rx
 Carbon dioxide fixation
 3 carbon pathway
 4 carbon pathway
 Crassulacean acid metabolism （景天酸代謝）
(CAM) （table 5-1)
10
類囊體
Fig. 7.15 Transmission electron micrograph
11 of a chloroplast from pea (Pisum sativum)
12
13
Ornamental cabbage
Corn
Jade plant
14
15
16
Spacing & orienting plants for light
interception（光截取）

Optimal spacing




Frequently planted at the ideal spacing for mature
plants
 Interplanting （間作）: plants w/ upright habits &
spreading plants w/n or between rows is efficient
 Programmed dense planting（計畫性密植）: dense
initially, thinned later
Weed control
Containerized plants（盆栽植物）
Hydroponical growing（水耕） system: automatically
adjusting spacing
17
Spacing & orienting plants for light
interception



Double, triple or wide rows utilize space more efficiently for
backyard gardeners (fig. 7-19)
Landscape plants must be properly spaced
Other methods for fruit trees
Pruning（修剪）
 Dwarf rootstocks（矮性砧木）
 Plant growth retardants（植物生長抑制劑）
 Manipulating difference between night & day temp
(DIF)

18
Orientation（方向）


Often-debated subject
Greenhouse orientation
East-west above 40°N
 North-south below 40°N


Gutter-connected （連棟） greenhouse


North-south
Open garden

The tallest plants to the north, and
the shortest to the south
19
Pruning plants for light interception

Fruit trees




Thinning-out pruning （ 疏刪修剪） (fig. 5-8, 5-9, 5-10)
Open-center training （開心整枝）: peach (fig. 5-9, 5-10)
Objective
 Constant yield
 Good-quality fruits
Ornamentals

Hedge （綠籬）: wider on the bottom than the top (fig. 5-12,
5-13)



Espalier （樹籬）(fig. 5-14)
Topiary （裝飾剪）(fig. 5-14)
Bonsai （盆景）(fig. 5-15)
20
Thinning-out cuts(5-8)
21
22
23
Maximize light interception(5-10)
24
Hedge(5-12)
25
An improperly pruned hedge
The resulting holes impair the26desired visual effect.(5-13)
27
28
Etiolation （白化）


Plants often become etiolated in response to a blanching （去光、
暗化） treatment
Symptoms (fig. 5-16)
White to yellowish stems & leaves
 Spindly growth of stems
 Extreme elongation of internodes
 Formation of seedling hooks （鉤）



Role of hook (fig. 5-19)
Use
Cauliflower (fig. 5-20), table onion (fig. 5-21)
 Vegetative propagation: cutting （扦插）, layering （壓

條）(fig. 5-22)
29
30
31
hook
32
33
宜蘭三星青蔥
34
宜蘭三星青蔥─高畦栽培
35
36
Effect of pigments-- carotenoids

Carotenoids （類胡蘿蔔素）

Accessory（輔助） pigments for photosynthesis

Photoprotection （光保護）

Impart color to flower, fruits, seeds
37
Cryptochromes （隱藏色素） & Phototropins

Blue-light photoreceptors

Cryptochromes


Control stem elongation（如附圖18.4；18.6）,
cotyledon & leaf expansion, daily rhythms, &
flowering
Phototropins （趨光素）: phototropism （向光性）auxin
38
18.4 Phototropism in wild type (A) and mutant (B) Arabidopsis seedlings
39
藍光抑制生長
40
Phytochromes （光敏素）

General characters
 H. A. Bothwick & S. B. Hendricks of USDA
 Red (R) or far-red (FR) effect on lettuce seed germination （附圖17.2）
(table 5-2)



Phytochrome interconversions (fig. 5-23)
The highest amounts exists in meristematic tissues & their newly
formed daughter cells.
Seed Dormancy

Photoblastic
 Stimulated: carrot, gloxinia (大岩桐）, weeds
 Inhibited: tomato
 Unaffected: peas & sweet corn
41
42
43
44
45
Phytochromes (Cont. 1)


Branching & stem elongation（分支與莖伸長）
 R: short internodes, vigorous axillary bud（腋芽）
growth (fig. 5-24)
 Ecological significance (fig. 9.4, 5-25, 5-26)
Anthocyanin（花青素） production
 A typical high irradiance reaction mediated by
phytochrome
 Effect of light on coloring of eggplant (fig. 5-29) apple,
peach
46
紅光多於遠紅外線
47
葉片高效
率吸收可
視光，但
吸收較少
遠紅外線
Fig. 9.4 Optical properties of a bean leaf
49
50
51
Photoperiodism （光週性）






W. W. Garner & H. A. Allard (1920)
A response to day length
 Darkness is critical（附圖25.19）
 Phytochrome is the photoreceptor（光接受器）（附圖25.23）
 Each species has its own requirement for a minimum number of
inductive photoperiods
Flowering
Formation of storage organs
Stem elongation
Temperate trees & woody shrubs
52
夜間才是關鍵
53
夜間才是關鍵
54
55
56
Flowering


Juvenile → adult
3 distinct classes
 Day neutral plants (DNP)
 Initiate flowers under a wide range of day length
 Example
 Cucumber, everbearing （四季開花）strawberry, sweet
corn
 Quantitative long-day plants
 Petunia（牽牛花）, carnation
 Quantitative short-day plants
 Tomato, Rieger begonia（秋海棠）
57
Flowering (Cont. 1)
Long-day plants (LDP)
 Summer-flowering plants
 Evening primrose （報春花）, spinach (fig. 5-31)
 Short-day plants (SDP)
 Late summer- or fall-flowering plants
 Cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum)（倉耳）,
chrysanthemum, kalanchoe （厚葉屬）,
poinsettia
 （附圖25.18）

58
59
60
dandelion(蒲公英)
61
62
Flowering (Cont. 2)

Photoperiodic control of flowering
 Revolutionize the floriculture industry
 Chrysanthemum can be programmed to flower at any
desired time at any location
 Critical day length vary among crops & cultivars
 Manipulate critical day length either by controlling lighting
or by providing darkness
 Lighting
 Incandescent lamps are commonly used (fig. 5-34, 5-35)
 Night interruption （暗期中斷）by lighting for 2-4 hr
in the middle of night 63
Cuttings for vegetative propagation
(扦插苗營養繁殖)
64
65
66
Flowering (Cont. 3)
Darkening
 Black cloth or plastic is pulled over the crop in the
late afternoon & again in the early morning (fig. 5-36)
Alternating day lengths（變換日長）
 SD followed by LD
 Bell flower （吊鐘花）, creeping white clover
 LD followed by SD
 Kalanchoe & some lilies


67
(fig. 5-36)
68
Formation of storage organs



Stimulated by SD
 Tubers of potato, Jerusalem artichoke（菊竽）,
scarlet runner bean （紅花菜豆）, Begonia
Stimulated by LD
 Bulbs of onion, early garlic
Tuberous root formation of Dahlia occur under any
day length, but greater root under SD (fig. 5-38)
69
Potato tubers from in response to short days.
70
Formation of tuberous roots on dahlia
is accelerated by short days.(fig. 5-38)
71
Stem elongation

Runner （走莖）formation

Stimulated by LD: strawberry

Stimulated by SD: spider plant
72
（吊蘭）(fig. 5-19)
spider73plant （吊蘭）(fig. 5-19)
74
Temperate trees & woody shrubs


Stimulated by SD

Fall coloration of leaves

Leaf fall (abscission)

Onset of cold hardness

Onset of dormancy
Phytochrome is involved
75
Light quantity & quality





Light quantity & photosynthesis
 Light compensation point （光補償點）
 Light saturation point （光飽和點）（附圖9-7）
 Vary w/ plant spp. & growing condition (附圖 9-8）
Shade tolerance （耐陰性）
Sun & shade leaves
Leaf area index （葉面積指數）
Acclimatization（馴化） of foliage plants
76
陽性與陰性植
物在不同光度
之光合成速率
77
Shade tolerance （耐陰性）

Category (table 5-3)

Nearly all vegetables & fruit crops grow best in full sun

Must select the genotype to fit the location (fig. 5-41)


Many understory plants（樹冠下層植物） are quite
shade-tolerant & intolerant of full sunlight
Foliage plants are produced under shading materials
(fig. 5-42, 5-43)
78
79
Plants that grow well and flower
in shaded locations
azaleas
Impatiens
80
美國加州家庭庭院陽性植物
81
82
83
海南觀葉植物生產圃
84
85
86
Sun & shade leaves （陽性與陰性葉）

Comparison (table 5-4)

Shade leaves under bright sunlight

Leaf scorch（焦化）(fig. 5-44)

Photoinhibition （光抑制）, photodecomposition（光
分解）
87
88
Leaf scorch（焦化）(fig. 5-44)
89
90
Leaf area index （葉面積指數）

Leaf area index (LAI)

Ratio of the area occupied by all the leaves to
the surface of ground that the plant covers

LAI as related to the plant productivity (附圖)

Leaf orientation (vertical) as related to yield
91
葉片高效率
吸收可視光
Fig. 9.4 Optical properties of a bean leaf
Fig. Crop growth rate (CGR) of soybean communities as a function of the
leaf area index (LAI) (Loomis, R.S., D.93J. Connor. 1992. Crop Ecology, p.42)
94
Acclimatization of foliage plants （觀葉植物馴化）



Foliage plants frequently are raised outdoors in the full sun & must be
properly acclimatized to prevent leaf-loss before being used for interiorscaping
Manipulate light, temperature, watering, & nutrition
Light is the most important



Lower light levels to 40%-80% for 5 to more than 10 wk
Grown under 40% shade
Placed indoors for decoration

light is the limiting factor (fig. 5-46)
95
96
Light sources & their use

Light source

Sunlight

Electric lamps

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

Fluorescence Lamps （螢光燈）

Incandescent Lamps （鎢絲燈）
97
High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps


Types of lamps
 Mercury (Hg)
 Metal halide (MH)
 Sodium w/ high- or low- pressure
Property
 Spectral quality (fig. 5-34)
 Big ballasts（基座） & reflectors (fig. 5-47)
 More expensive but longer life expectancy
98
99
Fluorescence lamps （螢光燈）




Types of lamps
 Cool white: more common
 Warm white
Spectral property (fig. 5-34)
Used for seed germination & tissue culture
Lower quantity of light & overcome by extending
day length
100
101
Incandescent lamps （鎢絲燈）


Used primarily for photoperiodic control
 Emit too much heat
 Low in blue end of the spectrum (fig. 5-34)
 Exhibit tall, succulent growth characters
 High in red end of the spectrum
Use bulbs w/ internal reflectors (fig. 5-35)
102
Systems for measuring light




Terminology
 Flux: flow of a substance or transfer of energy across a
surface; radiant or quantum flux
 Photon （光子）: an individual particle of light
 Quantum （量子）: energy carried by a photon
Photometric System
Radiometric System
Photon (Quantum) Flux
103
Photometric system




Light intensity: luminous flux emitted by a point source per unit
solid angle (fig. 5-49)
Units
 Foot-candle, lumen/ft2
 Lumens
 Candela
 Lux
Not very useful when describing for plants
Deal specifically w/ spectral sensitivity of the “standard human
eye”
 Should not used when describing
light for plant growth
104
105
Radiometric system



Irradiance
 Light (radiant flux) intercepted per unit of area
Unit
 Joules/ sec. m2 = watt/ m2
 Peak solar radiation level at sea level is about 1000 W. m 2
 The wavelength region must be specified
 From 400 to 700 nm: photosynthetically active radiation
(PAR)
Instruments
 Radiometers
 Spectroradiometers
106
Photon (quantum) flux

The primary photochemical act in photosynthesis depends on
the number of photons that are trapped.

Photon flux

Unit

μmole/ m2. sec

Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF)

Referred to 400 to 700 nm
107
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Rural poverty and food
shortage ……lost ground
to make up
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作者 / 來源
TIME Magazine, October 26, 2009. Vol. 174, No.16
(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/asia/0,9263,501091026,00.html)，
瀏覽日期：2013/05/17，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
5
P126. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
6
P126. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
8
Plant Physiology (1999) 第2版 / Park S. Nobel
(Physicochemical & environmental plant physiology)，
瀏覽日期：2013/05/17，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
9
P131. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
108
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P134. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
12
P100. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
13
揚州大學醫學院植物生理教研室
表4.2 C3、C4、CAM植物的光合和生理生态特性的比较
(http://jpkc.yzu.edu.cn/course/zhwshl/stjj/dyzc/dyzc04.htm)，
瀏覽日期：2013/05/17，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
14
Flickr / TommyHAGA
ハボタン ornamental cabbage
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/tommyhaga/6457669081/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
14
Flickr / Michael Davie
Corn (http://www.flickr.com/photos/michaeldavie/4780324288/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
109
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Flickr / Traveling Mermaid
Jade plant (http://www.flickr.com/photos/travelingmermaid/2341319763/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
15
P103. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、5265條合理使用。
16
P104. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
21
Wikimedia commons / SB_Johnny
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnolia_after_corrective_pruning.JPG)，
瀏覽日期：2012/9/27。
22
P108. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
110
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Flickr / Vironevaeh
Peach orchard in bloom
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/14549450@N03/4536818572)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
24
P108. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
25
Wikimedia commons / Brian Shaw
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conifer_Hedges_-_geograph.org.uk__196841.jpg)，瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
26
Flickr / Moochy
Hedge at Montacute House, Sommerset
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/moochy/35472182/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
27
Flickr / Sam Howzit
Winnie the Pooh Topiary (http://www.flickr.com/photos/aloha75/7168066342/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
111
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Flickr / jpmatth
Espalier (http://www.flickr.com/photos/jpmatth/441576257/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
27
Flickr / edenpictures
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/edenpictures/4922194949/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
28
Flickr / Carol Browne
Espalier (http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolbrowne/5807234322/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
28
Flickr / Carol Browne
Bonsai! (http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolbrowne/5807239846/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
30
P110. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
112
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31
P418. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
32
P111. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
33
Flickr / Fluffymuppet
Cauliflower leaves (http://www.flickr.com/photos/fluffymuppet/6946871134/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
33
Flickr / Linda N.
Cauliflower (http://www.flickr.com/photos/22748341@N00/2639329808/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
34
國立臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系 羅筱鳳 教授。
113
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作者 / 來源
35
國立臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系 羅筱鳳 教授。
36
P113. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
39
P447. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
40
P449. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
42
P419. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
114
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
43
P115. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
44
P115. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
45
P420. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
47
P117. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
48
P201. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
115
頁碼
作品
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作者 / 來源
49
P117. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
50
P118. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
51
P119. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
53
P651. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
54
P651. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
116
頁碼
作品
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作者 / 來源
55
P651. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
56
P655. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
59
P650. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
60
Flickr / Nemo's great uncle
#5591 dandelions (タンポポ)
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/maynard/6930165559/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
61
Flickr / Vietnam Plants & America plants
Leaves and flowers of Celosia Argentea
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/phuonglovejesus2782010/5506717018/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
117
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作者 / 來源
62
Flickr / seven twenty five
poinsettia (http://www.flickr.com/photos/725/2341380573/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
64
Flickr / sassycrafter
Cuttings (http://www.flickr.com/photos/sassycrafter/2923728792/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
64
Flickr / peganum
Rooted cuttings (http://www.flickr.com/photos/peganum/6073316303/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
65
P124. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
66
Flickr / geefour907
Geo-thermal-powered greenhouses in FAI
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/alaskatravelgram/3345478051/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
118
頁碼
作品
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作者 / 來源
68
Flickr / scott.zona
Aroid shade house 2 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/scottzona/4668960957/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
70
Flickr / Beau B
White Potatoes (http://www.flickr.com/photos/beaub/2883480817/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
71
Flickr / Satrina0
Mascot Maya tuber trimming
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/satrina0/4045279831/in/photostream/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
73
Flickr / Peter Baer
Spider Plant (http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterjbaer/4314902802/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
73
Wikipedia / Wildfeuer
(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006-12-12Chlorophytum02.jpg)，
瀏覽日期：2012/9/27。
119
頁碼
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作者 / 來源
74
Flickr / yellowcloud
Windowsill clone warrior leaf
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/yellowcloud/3616655104/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
77
生態學 第四章植物的交互作用/屏東科技大學熱帶農業暨國際合作系 周昌弘
(http://www.medie.com.tw/book/c/c04.htm)，
瀏覽日期：2013/05/17，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
79
P129. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
80
Flickr / Steve Guttman NYC
Impatiens under the lilac
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/steveguttman/6138686112/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
80
Flickr / ukgardenphotos
Leonardslee Gardens, West Sussex
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/ukgardenphotos/5431781852/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
120
頁碼
作品
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作者 / 來源
81
國立臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系 羅筱鳳 教授。
82
P130. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
83
國立臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系 羅筱鳳 教授。
84
國立臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系 羅筱鳳 教授。
85
國立臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系 羅筱鳳 教授。
121
頁碼
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作者 / 來源
86
P130. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
88
P131. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read.2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
89
Wikimedia commons / Hardyplants
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hosta33.jpg)，
瀏覽日期：2012/09/27。
89
Flickr / jonathanjonl
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonathanjo/520418118/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
90
Flickr / ukgardenphotos
Container gardening at Great Dixter Gardens, Sussex
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/ukgardenphotos/8030880806/)，
瀏覽日期：2012/12/26。
122
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92
P201. Taiz L. and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer
Associates,Inc. U.S.A.依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
93
Loomis, R.S. and Connor, D.J. Crop ecology: productivity and management in
agricultural systems. Chinese Translation. China Agricultural Press, Beijing, 487p.
(2002).依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
94
Adelana, B. O. & Milbourn, G. M. 1976. Relationship between leaf area and crop
growth rate in maize. Ghana Jnl agric. Sci. 9, 175-178.
(http://gains.org.gh/articles/gjas_v9_p175_178.pdf)，
瀏覽日期：2013/05/17，依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
96
P133. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read. 2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
99
P134. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read. 2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An Introductory
Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
123
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
101
國立臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系 羅筱鳳 教授。
105
P137. Preece, J. E., P. E. Read. 2005. The Biology of Horticulture: An
Introductory Textbook, 2nd Edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New Jersey,
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
1-124
轉載自Microsoft Office 2010 PowerPoint 設計主題範本，
依據Microsoft 服務合約及著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
124