Introduction to
Biochemistry
Bill Nye Video
1
Biochem. Intro Warm Up
1. What does inorganic mean and what does
organic mean?
2. List foods that you would consider to be a
carb, a protein, and a fat.
3. What is the element of life?
4. What is the molecule of life?
5. What is the function of an enzyme?
2
Inorganic vs. Organic Molecules
Inorganic Molecules
Organic Molecules
Small
Large
Fast reaction time
Slow reaction time
Do not contain carbon
Contain carbon
3
Characteristics of
Organic Molecules
1.They are usually made of the
SPONCH atoms.
• What are the SPONCH elements?
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2.They are formed through COVALENT
bonds – electrons are shared.
• Carbon has 4 electrons in it’s outer
energy level so it can bond with up to 4
other atoms. This results in a huge
variety of organic compounds.
• Tell me the protons, neutrons, and
electrons in carbon.
• Draw the electron dot diagram for carbon
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CARBON
Atomic Number = 6
Atomic Mass = 12
Protons =6
Neutrons = 6
Electrons = 6
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3.Organic molecules are large. Some are
made of only 4 atoms and some are
made of hundreds of atoms.
4.Organic molecules need enzymes. The
reactions that join them together are
very slow so enzymes are needed to
speed them up. Let’s review enzymes:
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5.They are composed of carbon skeletons.
(Carbon is sometimes referred to as the
element of life!). The structure is made
of carbon “skeletons” bonded to
hydrogen atoms. There are 3 main
skeleton structures.
Important Note:
Chemical Formula  shows the number and
type of atoms present in a compound.
Structural Formula  shows the
arrangement of the atoms
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6.Small organic molecules called
MONOMERS bond together to form long
chains called POLYMERS or
MACROMOLECULES.
What does mono mean?
What does poly mean?
What does macro mean?
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7.There are 4 main classes of important
organic compounds:
a) Carbohydrates
b) Lipids
c) Proteins
d) Nucleic Acids
Bill Nye Video
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ORGANIC MOLECULES REVIEW STORY
The most important elements in organic compounds
are __1_ and then __2__. Organic compounds
have a variety of structures called __3_. They
may be ring, __4__, or __5__. The __6_
formula shows us the arrangement of the atoms
and the ___7__ formula shows us the number
and type of atoms present. Organic molecules
consist of small units called __8__ joined
together to form bigger units called _9_.
Because the reactions to join the units together
takes a long time to happen, __10_ are used to
speed up the reactions. Carbon has _11__
electrons in its outer layer which means it can
bond with _12_ other atoms. This allows for a
lot of diversity in organic molecules.
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Person A: Hey! I have some amazing news.
Person B: What is it? Don’t keep me in
suspense.
Person A: WE ARE GOING TO LEARN ABOUT
THE ORGANIC MOLECULES
Person B: That’s great!!!!!!! What are the 4
types of organic molecules?
Person A: Well, they are ____, _____, _____, and
_____.
Person B: Oh my! I can barely contain my
excitement.
Person A: I know! Well, luckily we get to
learn about carbohydrates today
Both: WOO HOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!
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Carbohydrates
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I. Carbohydrates
• Organic compounds composed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a
ratio of 2 hydrogen atoms to every
1 oxygen atom (CH2O)
• The basic unit of carbohydrates is
a simple sugar or
MONOSACCHARIDE.
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I. Carbohydrates Cont’d
• The main function of carbohydrates
is ENERGY.
• Examples of carbohydrates include:
–
–
–
–
–
Pasta
Bread
Candy
Fruit
Grains
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Types of Carbohydrates
1.Monosaccharide
•
simple sugar, one sugar unit
Examples:
glucose
fructose
galactose
glucose
*All 3 have the chemical formula
(C6H12O6)
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Types of Carbohydrates
2.Disaccharide
• Made up of 2 monosaccharides joined
together
Examples:
sucrose
lactose
maltose
glucose
glucose
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Types of Carbohydrates
3. Polysaccharide
• Made up of many monosaccharides
joined together.
• Found in complex carbohydrates like
pasta and potatoes.
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
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Types of Carbohydrates
Examples of Polysaccharides
1. Starch: energy storage for plants
2. Glycogen: energy storage for animals,found in
liver and muscles.
3. Cellulose: found in plant cell walls, animals
cannot digest this (“roughage”), but
some bacteria can.
4. Chitin: found in the exoskeleton of insects
(remember: crunchy “chitin”)
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Vocab Review – make a “match”
1. Monomer
2. Polymer
3. Monosaccharide
4. Disaccharide
5. Polysaccharide
6. Starch
7. Cellulose
8. Chitin
9. Glycogen
10.Organic
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Exoskeleton
Living
Cell Wall Structure
Basic Unit of carbs
“Many units
together”
Energy storage in
animals
Energy storage in
plants
Many sugars joined
Two sugars joined
“Small unit”
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Vocab Review – Answers
1. Monomer
2. Polymer
3. Monosaccharide
4. Disaccharide
5. Polysaccharide
6. Starch
7. Cellulose
8. Chitin
9. Glycogen
10.Organic
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Exoskeleton
Living
Cell Wall Structure
Basic Unit of carbs
“Many units
together”
Energy storage in
animals
Energy storage in
plants
Many sugars joined
Two sugars joined
“Small unit”
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CARBOHYDRATES REVIEW STORY
Carbohydrates are made of __1__, hydrogen and
oxygen. They are made of 2 hydrogens to every
_2_ oxygen. The basic unit of carbohydrates is
a _____3______ or simple sugar. Two of these
together is a ____4_____ and a chain of them
is called a ____5___. ____6____ makes up the
exoskeleton of insects. ____7_____ is found in
cell walls and cannot be broken down by us.
____8____ is how plants store their energy and
_____9_____ is how animals store their energy.
To test for simple sugars we use the chemical
reagent _____10______ and to test for
starches we use the chemical reagent
____11______.
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A: Hi (name of B), I had so much fun learning
about carbs yesterday.
B. Me too! Do you remember the chemical we
used to test for simple sugar?
A: I do! It is ___________ Reagent. Do you
remember the chemical we used to test for
starch?
B: You bet I do! It is ____________.
A. I was wondering -- What kind of food has a lot
of carbs in it?
B. That’s easy. (Food) has tons of carbs.
A: Thanks for sharing. Are you ready?
B: Ready for what?
A: Ready to learn about lipids!!!!!!!!!
Both: BRING – IT – ON (double high five)
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Lipids
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II. Lipids
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen but the ratio of hydrogen atoms
to oxygen is much larger.
• Example C57H110O6
• Lipids Include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fats
Oils/Waxes
Cholesterol
Hormones
Steroids
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II. Lipids Cont’d
• Some foods rich in lipids include:
butter, oil, donuts, dairy products
• Lipids have several functions:
1.Long term energy storage
2.Insulation against heat loss
3.Protection against physical shock
4.Major component of cell membranes
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Structure of Fats
Triglycerides – basic unit of fat
1 glycerol (alcohol)
3 fatty acids(long carbon chain)
1 Carboxyl group (COOH)
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
H
glycerol
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Three Types of Fatty Acids
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds,
bad for you, solid at room temp. (butter, lard)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: one double bond,
good for you, liquid at room temp.(peanut and
olive oils) C=C
3. Polyunsaturated fatty acid: many double
bonds. Very good for you. C=C=C
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Carb or Lipid?
Triglyceride
Monosaccharide
Starch
Oil
CH20
Lots of hydrogens
Insulation
Protection
Gives you energy
Stores energy
Glycerol
Disaccharide
Glucose
Carboxyl Group
Saturated
Polysaccharide
Sudan Test
Benedicts Test
Waxes
Hormones
Cell Membrane Structure
Cell Wall Structure
Chitin
Polyunsaturated
Iodine
Steroid
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Complete the Sentences
1.
Lipids and carbs are similar
because they both ….
2. Lipids and carbs are different
because …
3. I think _____________ are more
important because…
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Lipids Review Story
The basic unit of a lipid is called a ____1____. It is
made up of a ___2___, ___3___, and a carboxyl
group. There are 3 fatty acid chains. A ___4___
fatty acid has all single bonds. A ___5____ fatty
acid has many double bonds and a ___6____ fatty
acid has one double bond. The type of fatty acid
that is bad for you is ____7____. Lipids have
many functions. They store ____8___. They are
used for ____9_____ and keep us warm. They
provide _____10___ so that we don’t get hurt
when we fall. If we are testing a sample to see if it
has lipids we can use the simple ____11_______
test or we can use the ____12___ test and look
for _13_ layers and ____14_____. An example of
a lipid could be _____15_____ .
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Proteins
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III. Proteins (Polypeptides)
1. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, as well as nitrogen and sometimes
sulfur.
2. The basic unit for proteins is the AMINO
ACIDS. There are 20 different amino acids
found in proteins, each with a different
chemical structure.
3. Some foods with proteins are peanut butter,
eggs, meat, beans.
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3. Proteins have several functions:
• Build living materials -- structure
• Act as enzymes
• Fight disease (antibodies)
• Transportation of molecules into or out of
cells
• Act as markers on cell
4. Proteins form when amino acids join together
through PEPTIDE BONDS.
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
Peptide Bonds
aa4
aa5
aa6
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5.A DIPEPTIDE is what we call two
amino acids joined together.
6.A POLYPEPTIDE is what we call a
chain of amino acids. They keep
folding until a completely functional
protein is formed. These proteins
look like blobs and are called
GLOBULAR PROTEINS.
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37
Vocab Review
1. Amino Acid
2. Nitrogen
3. Antibody
4. Peptide Bond
5. Dipeptide
6. Polypeptide
7. Globular
8. Meat
9. Structure
10. Marker
11. Transportation
12. Enzyme
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Vocab Review Continued…
a. Identify blood cells
b. Food containing protein
c. Basic unit
d. Help move things into cell
e. Speed up reactions
f. Fight disease
g. Two amino acids
h. Many amino acids
i. Shape of protein
j. Element in proteins
k. Bond connecting amino acids
l. Build living materials
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Protein Review Story
The basic unit of a protein is an _________. There are
___ different kinds of these. Two of them together is
called a _________ and a chain of them is called a
_________. The name of the bond that joins them
together is called a _____ bond. A long chain of amino
acids can fold up and look like a blob and we call it a
_____ protein. Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen but all proteins also contain _____. Proteins
have many different functions. They help in fighting
disease by acting as ____. They speed up chemical
reactions by acting as _____. They tell us the identity
of cells by acting as _____. However, the most
important function is that they are used for ____ by
building living material. Two examples of foods with
proteins are _______ and _________. The chemical
used in the test for proteins is _______. A positive
test will turn the solution a ________ color.
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Nucleic
Acids
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IV. Nucleic acids
1.Nucleic acids are composed of the building
blocks NUCLEOTIDES.
2.They are found in all of your cells.
3. Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate,
and nitrogenous base.
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Types of Nucleic Acids
1.DNA  found in the nucleus of each of
your cells, this is our genetic code
2.RNA  made from DNA, carries the
code to make proteins.
3.ATP  used by all living things for
energy
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Review Game
Dustbin Review Game
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