Course ILT
Expansion cards
Unit objectives
 Define the common drive interfaces,
and install a drive controller
 Describe video adapters and
standards, and install a video adapter
 Define sound cards, and install a
sound card
 Describe modem standards, and
install a modem
 Identify the symptoms, probable
causes, and potential solutions to
expansion card-related problems
Course ILT
Topic A
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Topic A: Drive adapters
Topic B: Video cards
Topic C: Sound cards
Topic D: Internal modems
Topic E: Expansion card
troubleshooting
Course ILT
Controllers and interfaces
 Controller
 Interface
Course ILT
PC drive interfaces
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SCSI
IDE
IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.Link)
USB 1.1 and 2.0
Course ILT
ATA
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ATA – up to 8.3 MBps
EIDE – proprietary extensions
ATA-2/3 – up to 16.6 MBps
ATAPI – tape and CD-ROM support
ATA/ATAPI-4 – up to 33 MBps
ATA/ATAPI-5 – up to 66 MBps
ATA/ATAPI-6 – up to 100 MBps
ATA/ATAPI-7 – up to 133 MBps
SATA – up to 300 MBps
Course ILT
PIO modes
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PIO mode 0 = 3.3 MBps
PIO mode 1 = 5.2 MBps
PIO mode 2 = 8.3 MBps
PIO mode 3 = 11.1 MBps
PIO mode 4 = 16.7 MBps
Course ILT
DMA modes
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Single word 0 = 2.1 MBps
Single word 1 = 4.2 MBps
Single word 2 = 8.3 MBps
Multi word 0 = 4.2 MBps
Multi word 1 = 13.3 MBps
Multi word 2 = 16.7 MBps
Course ILT
UltraDMA modes
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UDMA mode 0 = 16.7 MBps
UDMA mode 1 = 25 MBps
UDMA mode 2 = 33.3 MBps
UDMA mode 3 = 44.4 MBps
UDMA mode 4 = 66.7 MBps
UDMA mode 5 = 100 MBps
UDMA mode 6 = 133 MBps
Course ILT
ATA motherboard connectors
Course ILT
Standard IDE cable
Course ILT
80-pin ATA cable
Course ILT
SATA data cable
Course ILT
Large drive support
 Original Interrupt 13 limit = 504 MB
 LBA and ECHS—up to 8.4 GB
(through sector translation)
 Interrupt 13h extensions—up to 128
GB (through BIOS changes)
 ATA interface limit = up to 137 GB
 Large LBA—up to 144 petabytes
(144,000,000 GB) (through bits/sector
and maximum sectors chages)
Drive identification
Course ILT
 ATA supports two drives per controller
– One drive is master
– Other drive is slave
 Older drives
– Set jumper or DIP switch
– Connect to cable in correct location
 Cable select
Course ILT
Drive identification
Motherboard
Slave
Master
Course ILT
Primary and secondary
Secondary IDE
Primary IDE
Course ILT
Activity A-1
Distinguishing between drive controllers
Course ILT
SCSI
Standard
Bus width
Bandwidth
SCSI
8 bits
5 MBps
Fast SCSI
8 bits
10 MBps
Wide SCSI
16 bits
20 MBps
Ultra SCSI
8 bits
20 MBps
Ultra Wide SCSI
16 bits
40 MBps
Ultra2/LVD
8 bits
40 MBps
Ultra2 Wide
16 bits
80 MBps
Ultra3
16 bits
160 MBps
Ultra-320
16 bits
320 MBps
Serial SCSI
1 bit
80-375 MBps
Course ILT
SCSI device IDs
 Each device must have unique ID
 0-7 or 0-15
 Higher IDs = Higher priority
– Host Bus Adapter would be 7 or 15
Course ILT
Termination
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Terminators = resistors
Block signal reflections
Terminate both ends of the bus
Terminator blocks or switches
Passive terminators
Active terminators
Course ILT
SCSI ID and termination
SCSI ID
Termination
switch
Course ILT
Differential SCSI
 Single Ended (SE)—signal voltages
compared to ground
 Differential SCSI
– Data lines are paired
– Signals are electrical opposites
– Signal is read as comparison between
wires in the pair
 High voltage differential (HVD) (± 5V)
 Low voltage differential (LVD) (± 3.3V)
Course ILT
Other interfaces
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ST506/ST412
ESDI
USB
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
Course ILT
Activity A-2
Installing a drive controller
Course ILT
Topic B
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Topic A: Drive adapters
Topic B: Video cards
Topic C: Sound cards
Topic D: Internal modems
Topic E: Expansion card
troubleshooting
Course ILT
Video adapters
 Produce signals displayed by the
monitor
 Text, images, video
 Black & white and color
Course ILT
Creating an image
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Phosphorescent coating
Electron beam
Refresh (scanning) rate
Interlacing
Resolution
Pixel depth (colors)
Course ILT
Maximum colors
Pixel Maximum
depth colors
Bytes
Descriptive
per pixel name
1
2
1/8th
Monochrome
4
16
1/2
Standard VGA
8
256
1
256-color “Super
VGA”
16
65,536
2
High color
24
16,777,216
3
True color
Video standards
Course ILT
Standard Text
Graphics Text
resolution resolution matrix
Max
Max
colors refresh
MDA
80x25
n/a
9x14
2
50 Hz
HGC
80x25
720x348
9x14
2
50 Hz
CGA
80x25
640x200
160x200
8x8
16
4
60 Hz
EGA
80x25
640x350
8x8
16
60 Hz
VGA
EGA
Emulation
640x480
EGA
Emulation
16
256
60 Hz
Course ILT
SuperVGA
 No official standard
 Various proprietary schemes
 VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE)
– 640x400 at 8 bits per pixel
– 1600x1200 at 16 bits per pixel
Course ILT
15-pin VGA/SVGA connector
Course ILT
VGA/SVGA socket
Course ILT
DVI connector types
Course ILT
DVI-I connector
Course ILT
Video drivers
 Software interface between OS and
video adapter
 Effect performance and operation
 Updated drivers
– Performance improvements
– Error fixes
– New features
 Use manufacturer’s driver; not
Windows
 Download from manufacturer’s Web
site
Course ILT
Video adapter slot types
 Low-end built into motherboard
 High-end three types of slots
– PCI
– PCIe
– AGP
 PC slowest; work well for two-monitor
system
 AGP specialized for video
 PCIe designed to replace AGP
Course ILT
An AGP video card
Course ILT
PCIe video card
Course ILT
Activity B-1
Installing a video adapter
Course ILT
Topic C
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Topic A: Drive adapters
Topic B: Video cards
Topic C: Sound cards
Topic D: Internal modems
Topic E: Expansion card
troubleshooting
PC sound
Course ILT
 Motherboard speaker
– Beeps and clicks
 Creative Labs SoundBlaster
– Music, plus beeps and clicks
– Digitizing input music
– SoundBlaster Pro considered the base
standard
Course ILT
Sound card components
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Digital signal processor
Analog to digital converter
Digital to analog converter
Jacks and ports
Course ILT
A sound card
Course ILT
Sound card connectors
Speaker
Microphone
Line in
Course ILT
Speakers
Course ILT
Activity C-1
Installing a sound card
Course ILT
Topic D
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Topic A: Drive adapters
Topic B: Video cards
Topic C: Sound cards
Topic D: Internal modems
Topic E: Expansion card
troubleshooting
Course ILT
Modems
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Send data signals over phone lines
Modulation
Demodulation
Forms
Riser cards
Course ILT
 AMR
– Audio (sound) and modem cards
 CNR
– Communication (modem) and network
cards
 ACR
– Modem, sound, and network cards
– Proprietary design to ASUS
 Simplified expansion card reduces
price
Course ILT
Softmodems
 Implements features in software rather
than hardware
 WinModem – Windows-based
 Less expensive
 Easily upgradeable
 Specific to operating system (and
perhaps version)
 Slower than hardware-based modems
Course ILT
System resources
Port
IRQ
I/O address
COM1
4
03F8-03FF
COM2
3
02F8-02FF
COM3
4
03E8-03EF
COM4
3
02E8-02EF
Course ILT
Activity D-1
Installing an internal modem
Course ILT
RJ-11 connectors
Course ILT
Modem connections
Course ILT
AT commands
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ATDT number
ATDP number
ATH
ATA
, (comma)
*70
ATZ0
A/
AT&F
Course ILT
HyperTerminal
 Send AT commands to your modem
 Configure echo characters
 Start, All Programs, Accessories,
Communications, HyperTerminal
Course ILT
Asynchronous and synchronous
 Mark beginning and end of data
 Asynchronous
– No clock
– Relies solely on a pattern of bits
 Synchronous
– Timer clock
– Sends bit pattern once
– Relies on timing
Speed standards
Course ILT
Standard Maximum speed
V.32
4,800 bps (async)
9,600 bps (sync)
V.32 bis
14,400 bps
V.32 terbo
19,200 bps
V.34
28,800 bps
V.34 bix
33,600 bps
V.90
56,000 bps download
33,600 bps upload
V.92
56,000 bps download
48,800 bps upload
MNP classes
Course ILT
MNP class Efficiency
Throughput
1
70%
39,200 bps
2
84%
47,040 bps
3
108%
60,480 bps
4
120%
67,200 bps
5
200%
112,000 bps
6
200%
112,000 bps
7
300%
168,000 bps
8
300%
168,000 bps
9
300%
168,000 bps
Course ILT
Activity D-2
Testing your modem
Course ILT
Topic E
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Topic A: Drive adapters
Topic B: Video cards
Topic C: Sound cards
Topic D: Internal modems
Topic E: Expansion card
troubleshooting
Course ILT
Drive controller symptoms
 IDE drive not recognized
 SCSI drive not recognized
 System with IDE drive won’t boot, with
or without BIOS error message
 System with SCSI drive won’t boot,
with or without BIOS error message
 IDE drive inaccessible or performs
badly
 Full size of drive not available
Course ILT
Video card symptoms
 No video at all
 Video scrolls, flips, wavers, is too
large, lines double up, and so forth
 Video flickers
 Video is blurry
 Image artifacts are displayed across
the screen
 System freezes during a video
change, such as an image scrolling or
changing
Course ILT
Sound card symptoms
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No sound
Sound is very low
Sound is distorted
No audio captured
No audio from CD
Course ILT
Internal modem symptoms
 Modem picks up line and dials, but
doesn’t connect
 Modem reports no dial tone detected
 Connection drops frequently
 Modem connects, but only at low
speeds
 Modem doesn’t work at all
 Configuration related error messages
Course ILT
Activity E-1
Troubleshooting expansion
card-related problems
Course ILT
Unit summary
 Defined the common drive interfaces,
and installed a drive controller
 Described video adapters and
standards, and installed a video
adapter
 Defined sound cards, and installed a
sound card
 Described modem standards, and
installed a modem
 Resolved expansion card-related
problems