Telecommunications
(extra notes to go with Ch.6)
2013
IBE250
Visualization
from the Opte
Project of the
various routes
through a
portion of the
Internet
http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons
/thumb/d/d2/Internet_
map_1024.jpg/300pxInternet_map_1024.jpg
Infrastructure change
• Circuit switching versus Packet switching
FTTH
stats
Fiber Optics - Record speeds
Each fiber can carry many independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light
(wavelength-division multiplexing).
While the physical limitations of electrical cable prevent speeds in excess of 10 Gigabits per
second, the physical limitations of fiber optics have not yet been reached.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication )
Year
Per
Organiza Effective WDM
channel
tion
speed
channels
speed
Distance
2009
Alcatel15 Tbit/s 155
Lucent[7]
100
Gbit/s
90 km
2011
KIT[8]
26 Tbit/s 1
26 Tbit/s 50 km
2010
NTT[9]
69.1
Tbit/s
432
171
Gbit/s
240 km
2011
NEC[10]
101
Tbit/s
370
273
Gbit/s
165 km
2012
NEC,
Corning[
11]
1.05
12 core
Petabit/s fiber
52.4 km
Radio spectrum Wireless Broadband Alliance
predicts, and streaming video
continues to expand its
presence in licence-exempt
bands, many more parts of
Europe will experience
congestion in the bands for
shared access.
Thus there will be a need for
more shared access spectrum.
We consider an additional
300-400 MHz should be made
available, including at least 100
MHz in new licence-exempt
bands. (Ref. Forge, et al, p.9)
“Shared spectrum access” includes all situations in which two or more users or
wireless applications are authorized to utilize the same span of frequencies on a nonexclusive basis in a defined sharing arrangement. (Ref. Forge, et al, p.7)
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/radio_spectrum/_document_storage/studies/shared_use_2012/scf_stu
dy_shared_spectrum_access_20120210.pdf
Interesting pages: 45, 51, 79, 107
•
Cisco's VNI Forecast Projects the Internet Will Be Four Times as Large in Four Years - Annual
Cisco VNI Forecast Expects Worldwide Devices & Connections to Grow to Almost 19
Billion― Nearly Doubling From 2011 to 2016 (http://newsroom.cisco.com/press-releasecontent?articleId=888280 )
Forge, et al, p. 76
Significant traffic growth is due to:
• An increasing number of devices: The proliferation of tablets, mobile
phones, and other smart devices as well as machine-to-machine (M2M)
connections are driving up the demand for connectivity. By 2016, the
forecast projects there will be nearly 18.9 billion network
connections―almost 2.5 connections for each person on earth, ―
compared with 10.3 billion in 2011
• More Internet users: By 2016, there are expected to be 3.4 billion Internet
users ― about 45 percent of the world's projected population according to
United Nations estimates.
• Faster broadband speeds: The average fixed broadband speed is expected
to increase nearly fourfold, from 9 megabits per second (Mbps) in 2011 to
34 Mbps in 2016.
• More video: By 2016, 1.2 million video minutes―the equivalent of 833
days (or over two years) ―would travel the Internet every second.
• Wi-Fi growth: By 2016, over half of the world's Internet traffic is expected
to come from Wi-Fi connections.
Forge, et al, p. 77
By 2016, annual global IP traffic is forecast to be 1.3
zettabytes
 Forge, et al, p. 45
We are used to thinking of
the radio spectrum as a
linear span of frequencies.
But the spectrum has
other dimensions as well,
making it possible to share
frequencies
geographically, temporally,
through the use of
economic mechanisms,
code modulation,
polarization, directionality,
etc. (Forge, et al, p. 29)
Policy: Europe wants operators to share their spectrum
• Wireless spectrum is running out, and those who own it must
play nicely with others who want it. At least, that’s according
to the European Commission, which is hoping to avoid a
spectrum crunch.
• The bloc’s digital agenda commissioner on Monday published
a number of ideas under which existing license holders would
have to share some of their spectrum…
•
http://gigaom.com/2012/09/03/europe-wants-operators-to-share-their-spectrum/
Visual Networking Index
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VNI hub
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html#
VNI Mobile Forecast Highlights, 2012- 2017 (highlight tool)
http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/sp/vni/vni_mobile_forecast_highlight/index.html
VNI Mobile Forecast Video
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html# (start at 2:00)
VNI Forecast widget
http://ciscovni.com/vni_forecast/wizard.html
http://ciscovni.com/index.html
Cisco Global Internet Speed Test (GIST) – most recent test
http://webscience.org/web-observatory/about/tracking-explosive-growth/