Emperor Constantine
moved the capital out of
Rome and to the eastern
capital of Byzantium, a
city he renamed for
himself –
Constantinople.
The eastern half of the
old Roman empire
would now become
the Byzantine Empire.
476 A.D.
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CH 11, Sec. 1
527 – Justinian becomes ruler
of the eastern empire
Justinian I
Ruled 527-565 A.D.
1. What did Justinian accomplish during his reign?
Conquered new lands and retook former Roman lands so that
his new Byzantine empire almost as big as Rome’s had been.
Belisarius was Emperor Justinian’s head general and
one of the greatest military commanders of his time.
He spearheaded Byzantium's attempts to rebuild the
Roman Empire, retaking North Africa from the
Vandals. His very successes, however, made him many
enemies. Incriminated in a plot against Justinian, his eyes
were put out on the Emperor's orders in 561 A.D.
Belisarius
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According to a historian named
Procopius,
Belisarius was stripped of all his
possessions and was reduced to
begging in the streets
of Byzantium.
“Belisarius,” by Jacques-Louis David,
French Neoclassical painting, 1781.
BYZANTINE WEALTH
From Trade
What can you
infer about
Constantinople’
s location that
made it a
strategic
location to
benefit from
Trade?
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BYZANTINE WEALTH
From Trade
Very typical
Byzantine Art:
Church
adornments &
Religious icons
Left:
Icon depicting
“Presentation of
Christ in the
Temple,”
Byzantine wood
painted, with
gold-leaf
background.
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CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
527 – Justinian becomes ruler
of the eastern empire
1.
What did Justinian accomplish during his reign?
•
Conquered new lands and took former Roman lands: the
Byzantine empire was almost as big as Rome’s had been.
Justinian I
Ruled 527-565 A.D.
•
Established center of trade: economic prosperity.
•
His legal experts complete large body of civil laws –
called “Justinian’s Code”
•
Married Theodora
The Justinian Code was divided into four parts:
1. The Institutes served as a textbook in law for students and lawyers.
2. The Digest was a casebook covering many trials and decisions.
3. The Codex was a collection of statutes and principles, and
4. The Novels contained new proposed laws.
This legal code became the foundation of law in most western European countries.
It was a compilation of early Roman laws and legal principles, illustrated by cases, and
combined with an explanation of new laws and future legislation to be put into effect.
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Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p.
“Empress Theodora and her attendants”
From a collection of mosaics in the presbytery of the Church of San Vitale,
Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p.
Theodora was the daughter of a bearkeeper
at the Hippodrome. Hardly the kind of
background one would expect of a future
Empress. Her former profession as an
actress was also a mark against her.
Needless to say Justinian’s marriage to her
created quite a scandal.
The center median
of the former Hippodrome racetrack
in Constantinople
is today a city park
in modern-day Istanbul, Turkey.
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Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p.
The Hippodrome was the center of
Byzantine social life much like our sports
arenas are today.
Huge amounts were bet on chariot races, and
the whole city was divided between fans of
the Blue and Green chariot racing teams.
The rivalry between Blues and Greens
sometimes became mingled with political
squabbles, and riots the size of civil wars
would erupt in the city.
The most severe of these was in 532.
The center median
of the former Hippodrome racetrack
in Constantinople
is today a city park
in modern-day Istanbul, Turkey.
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Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p.
These riots in 532 A.D. were called the Nika Riots
("Nika"= "Victory!"),
and grew from political unrest
over the government's new tax measures.
Rival gangs of Blues and Greens
(admirers of rival chariot-racing teams)
fought in the streets.
Justinian wanted to leave the city during the riots, but two of his
generals (Belisarius and Narses) and his wife Theodora, persuaded
him to stay.
Theodora took it upon herself to raise a personal army,
an army that eventually killed 35,000 people in a single day.
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Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p.
Theodora and Justinian preside over the dedication
of the magnificent church Hagia Sophia (Church of “Holy
Wisdom”)
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Reading about this great feat of architecture, “Hagia Sophia” Textbook, p.
Hagia Sophia
(Church of “Holy Wisdom”)
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Following the destruction
caused by the Nika rebellion,
Justinian ordered that
construction begin on a new
basilica such as had never been
seen before. The construction
work lasted from 532 to 537;
the new church was dedicated
December 27, 537.
Architecturally the grand
basilica represented a major
revolution in church building in
that it featured a huge dome
which necessitated the use of
new ideas in order to support
the weight of this dome, a feat
which had not been attempted
before. The dome would
become characteristic of the
“Romanesque” architectural
style in Byzantine church
construction and represented
the vault of heaven.
Reading about this great feat of architecture, “Hagia Sophia” Textbook, p.
1,000 years after it’s construction
in 537, Constantinople fell to the
Turks in 1453…
and Hagia Sophia
became a mosque…
Reading about this great feat of architecture, “Hagia Sophia” Textbook, p.
…but the original Christian mosaics
continue to adorn the interior.
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Reading a Primary Source, Procopius’ Secret History Packet, p. 3
Recognizing POINT OF VIEW
in the telling of History……….
Today the world remembers Justinian as a powerful ruler, a great builder, conqueror,
teacher and lawgiver. But this is only because "history is written by the winners," and
Justinian was a winner. The most important and respected source historian for this
period was Procopius of Caesarea. Procopius accompanied Belisarius on some of his
great conquests, wrote the emperor’s official histories of the wars and of Justinian's
immense building programs. He ensured that we remember Justinian as a superman.
But that was not the whole truth.
Procopius dared not say what was really going on. He feared for his life (and the lives
of his family) if he did. So he wrote another, secret history, with strict instructions that it
was not to be published until after his death. This history was so shocking, so
devastating, that scholars wanted to believe it was a forgery. Yet every test that can be
made on it, shows it is no forgery. According to Procopius, the emperor Justinian who
ruled the eastern Roman empire in the 6th century was demonic in his cruelty –
determined to whatever it took to rebuild the empire –
“yet in rebuilding it, he was destroying it.”
Procopius was not alone in secretly hating Justinian.
The chronicler Evagrius also agreed that Justinian would go to hell.
CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
527 – Justinian becomes ruler
of the eastern empire
537 – Justinian
completes building
the Hagia Sophia
542 – Deadly plague sweeps
through Constantinople
565 – Death of Justinian
Size
2. How did the plague affect Constantinople? Constantinople
Sizeofof
empire,
well at the
Killed so many people it left the empire weakwasempire
death
of
defended.
800
A.D.
and vulnerable to enemies.
Justinian.
622 – Muhammad’s Hegira
674 – Arab armies attack
Constantinople
CONSTANTINOPLE’S STRONG MILITARY DEFENSE & TECHNOLOGY
SAVE THE DAY
On two occasions, from 674 to 677, and again in 717-18, Arab armies besieged
Constantinople by land and sea. Superior military organization, the city’s high walls
and its strategic location, and the timely invention of one of history's most decisive
weapons, a medieval form of napalm dubbed "Greek fire“ used by the Byzantine
naval fleet enabled the Byzantines to weather the storm. The cost to both sides
was high. By 800 A.D., Byzantium had lost most of her territory south of the Taurus
Mountains and much of the remainder of the empire lay devastated. The Arabs lost
untold thousands of men through futile attacks against Constantinople's defenses.
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CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
542 – Deadly plague sweeps
through Constantinople
565 – Death of Justinian
622 – Muhammad’s Hegira
674 – Arab armies attack
Constantinople
800 – The Pope in Rome crowns the
Frankish king Charlemagne the
new “Holy Roman Emperor”
Kingdom of the Franks
The Western region was
under attack again by
Muslims, Vikings, and other
groups. The Pope begged
for the help of the Frankish
king Charlemagne. In return
for his efforts, the Pope made
him the new Holy Roman
emperor in the West.
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CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire
NORSEMEN
537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia
• Kiev
542 – Deadly plague sweeps through Constantinople
565 – Death of Justinian
SLAVS
622 – Muhammad’s Hegira
674 – Arab armies attack
Constantinople
• Rome
• Constantinople
800 – The Pope in Rome crowns the Frankish king
Charlemagne the new “Holy Roman Emperor”
820 – Vikings begin explorations and terrorize Europe
860– Russians invade Constantinople for the first of
three times.
In the 9th c., Prince Oleg of the
Kievan Rus launched a surprise
attack against Constantinople –
hanging his shield upon the gate of
the great city.
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The Vikings (or, Norsemen)
settled around Kiev and
intermarried with the eastern
Slavs. These are the ancestors of
the Rus (or, Russian people).
CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
527 – Justinian becomes ruler
of the eastern empire
NORSEMEN
537 – Justinian
completes building
the Hagia Sophia
• Kiev
542 – Deadly plague sweeps
through Constantinople
565 – Death of Justinian
622 – Muhammad’s Hegira
SLAVS
• Rome
• Constantinople
674 – Arab armies attack
Constantinople
800 – The Pope in Rome crowns the
Frankish king Charlemagne the
new “Holy Roman Emperor”
820 – Vikings begin explorations and
terrorize Europe
860– Russians invade Constantinople
for the first of three times.
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3. How did the Byzantines prop up their
shaky empire? First they used bribes,
then diplomacy, then political marriages.
Then reorganized their Empire’s military.
CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian and Muslim Worlds by 1050 A.D.
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CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
1054 – Christianity splits into the
Roman Catholic Church in the West
and the Orthodox Church in the East.
“The Great Schism in Christianity
must not be viewed as the result of only
one quarrel in the Church.
It is not true that
after centuries of perfect peace,
suddenly on account of one dispute,
the Christian world fell apart.
It was rather a case of a breach of communication caused by long-festering anger and
bad feelings, not by a rival theology initially. It would be inconceivable that hundreds of
Bishops would suddenly break away from union with their chief, if all had been going
smoothly before.
The great schism is rather the result of a very gradual process. Its Causes must be
sought centuries before there was any suspicion of their final effect.”
The Catholic Encyclopedia
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CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
The leader of the Roman Catholic
1054 – Christianity splits into the
Roman Catholic Church in the West
Church in the West is the Pope.
and the Orthodox Church in the East.
The leader of the Eastern Orthodox
Church in Constantinople is
the Patriarch.
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CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
4.
What factors (disagreements) led to the Great Schism in the Church?
* Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek.
* Church Authority - East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues
West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible.
* Divorce – Eastern Patriarch began to allow divorces.
Western Pope forbid divorce.
* Priests Right to Marry – Orthodox priests could marry. Catholic priests may not.
* the Icon Controversy
ICONOGRAPHY
Useful Aids
for Religious
Devotion?
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Or…a
form of
Idol worship?
CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
Icons - sacred religious images.
representing saints, Christ, and the
Virgin, as well as narrative scenes
such as Christ's Crucifixion.
Iconoclasts – those who opposed the use
of icons and saw the practice as idolatry.
Byzantine Emperor Leo III believed
the success of the Arabs was due to
Icons were not as popular in the their imagery-hating Muslim religion,
West, but the Pope sided with
and thus tried to ban Christian icons.
the poor masses in the East who
wanted them – hoping he could
win greater authority there.
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The matter went on for some time
until finally in 1054 the Pope in
the West and the Patriarch in the
East each excommunicated the
other.
CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
1054 – Christianity splits into the
Roman Catholic Church in the West
and the Orthodox Church in the East.
1204 – Crusading Christians from Europe
loot and pillage Constantinople.
5. What was the effect of the Schism?
Christianity was permanently divided
between Roman Catholic (in West) and the
Orthodox Church (in East).
Western – Eastern Christians Clash
The richest city of the world – Constantinoplewas at the mercy of the rowdy Europeans.
The barbarians did horrible things that are
beyond imagination. They tortured and
massacred a large part of the population,
destroyed churches, palaces, monasteries and
even sculptures made by Phidias, stole
thousands of priceless icons, relics and other
holy items, raped young girls and boys.
Not to mention the countless manuscripts of
ancient Greek learning which were burnt by the
ignorant and illiterate Francs. So much was the
hatred of the Europeans for the Greek Empire!
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THE CRUSADES
A 200 year period of 9 Crusades total in which
the Western European Christians
attempted to retake the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem)
from the Muslim Empire.
The
Western
Christians
from poor
Medieval
Europe…
…were
like silly,
jealous
babies in
a Candy
store.
…to do so each time
meant passing through Constantinople.
CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
1054 – Christianity splits into the
Roman Catholic Church in the West
and the Orthodox Church in the East.
5. What was the effect of the Schism?
Christianity was permanently divided
between Roman Catholic (in West) and the
Orthodox Church (in East).
1204 – Crusading Christians from Europe
loot and pillage Constantinople.
The looting of Constantinople in 1204
by the European Christian Crusaders
was an irretrievable disaster for the Byzantines.
With its territory and resources shrinking,
Byzantium was never again able
to fully quell internal disorders
or to exercise independence from outside powers.
The state became so impoverished that in 1369
Emperor John V was arrested for debt in Venice as
he tried to obtain financial help from the West.
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The weakened Constantinople could not defend itself from the
rising new power in the region – the Ottoman Turks – who,
by the 1300s – had completely encircled the old Eastern capital.
CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium Becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p.
330 – Constantine makes Byzantium
his new capital, Constantinople
527 – Justinian becomes ruler
of the eastern empire
674 – Arab armies attack
Constantinople
860 – Russians invade Constantinople
for the first of three times.
1054 – Christianity splits into the
Roman Catholic Church in the West
and the Orthodox Church in the East.
1204 – Crusading Christians from Europe
loot and pillage Constantinople.
1453 – Constantinople falls to
the Ottoman Turks.
6. What factors enabled the city to survive
for so many years before finally falling?
Its walls, naval fleet, and
its strategic location.
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CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. 4 Textbook, p. 274- (see map p. 275)
NORSEMEN
• Novgorod
860 – First Russian raid on
Constantinople.
RUS
Eventually, trade rose between
Constantinople and Kievan
Rus (a loose federation of small
states) for the next 300 years.
The Kievan society was divided
between the peasant masses
and the Russian nobles called
boyars.
• Kiev
SLAVS
• Rome
• Constantinople
B. IDENTIFY
B. IDENTIFY
The
Vikings (or, Norsemen)
Slavs ––around
settled
people
of
Kiev
theand
Black
boyars
Russian
nobility.
Forest Regionwith
intermarried
north
theofeastern
the
Black Sea.
Slavs.
These
They
are the
wereancestors
Russia’s
of
the Rus
first
(or,unified
Russian
territory.
people).
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CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians”
Textbook, p. 273
Byzantine Christian Missionaries Visit the Slavs
The brothers Cyril and Methodius were living in a monastery in Constantinople
when the Slavic leaders sent for a Christian teacher.
Cyril was selected and was accompanied by his brother. The two “missionaries” who
learned the Slav language and converted many of the people to Christianity.
Because they were acquainted with the language of the Slavs, Cyril and Methodius were then
chosen to provide a written alphabet for them. Cyril invented an alphabet for the Slavs,
using the Greek letters and, with the help of Methodius, translated the Gospels into the Slavic
people’s language.
Today the Cyrillic alphabet is still used in Russia and other parts of eastern Europe.
ä×ÅÒØ- Door
õÞÉÔÅÌØ - Teacher
ðÁÒÔÁ - Desk
CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. 4 Textbook, p. 276
3. What factors brought about
Kiev’s decline?
Yaroslav, a leader in Russia, had divided
his empire among his sons. Their
internal fighting for territory tore the
state of Kievan Rus apart.
Also, the Crusades disrupted trade
between the Byzantines and the
Russians, creating economic hardship
in Russia.
In its weakened state, Russia was
suddenly attacked
by the Mongols from Asia
who demolished Kiev.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
While the Mongol
conquests brought
much destruction, the
great economic
benefits that followed
should not
be
Read
disregarded. Travel
the
safetyabout
was guaranteed,
a great
trading network
Mongols,
was formed stretching
textbook
from China
to Europe.
For thep.
first
time in
277
centuries, the Silk
Road was reopened,
allowing
cultural
Also
see
diffusion again
296-297
between
East and
West.
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CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. Textbook, p.
1054 – Yaroslav dies; his sons
fight over Kievan territory.
1204 – Crusading Christians loot
and pillage Constantinople;
disrupting trade with Russia.
1227 – Ghengis Khan, founder of
Mongol dynasty dies. His
successors continue to
expand empire.
4. How did the Mongols treat the Russian people?
Were tolerant of all religions; allowed Russians
to keep customs as before;
Demanded obedience to Mongol rulers and
a large amount of tribute (taxes) from all the
Russian principalities had to be paid annually.
1240 – After burning Moscow,
Batu Khan establishes the
“Khanate of the Golden
Horde” over Russia
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CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. Textbook, p.
5. What were some effects of Mongol rule on Russia?
Ironically, it helped to unify Russia since the Mongols
viewed Russia as part of their own unified empire.
It isolated Russia from Western Europe
(gave Russia its “identity struggle” – Asian?)
Led to the rise of Moscow as center of power.
Ivan I, or Ivan the “moneybags”, was the leading prince of Moscow and, after
crushing a Russian / Slavic revolt against the Mongols, was rewarded as the Mongol's
leading tax collector and made himself and Moscow very wealthy by maintaining his
loyalty to the Mongol Khanate of the Golden Horde.
He used this wealth to give loans to neighboring Russian principalities. These cities
gradually fell deeper and deeper into debt, a condition that would allow Ivan's
successors to annex them. Ivan's greatest success, however, was convincing the Khan
that his son should succeed him as Grand Prince of all Russia. Therefore, from then on
the important position always belonged to the ruling house of Moscow.
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Reading “Ivan III - Builder of Russia” Packet, p. 5 Textbook, p. 278
Ivan III
Ruled 43 years
Was 13 when the Byzantine empire fell to the Turks in 1453
Married Sophia, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor
Ivan saw himself as the inheritor of “Rome”
Referred to Moscow as “the third Rome”
Ivan III
“the Great”
1440-1505
Grand Prince of
Russia
Began calling himself “Czar” (Russian for Caesar)
1480 – stops paying the tribute to the Mongols
Russians and Mongols have a bloodless standoff
Russia gains independence
Ivan III begins empire-building.
Russians fight
back
• 6. What events marked the
beginning of an
independent Russian
Empire?
•
Czar Ivan III refused to
pay tribute to the
•
Mongols; resulting in a
bloodless standoff and
•
the Mongols giving
Russia its independence.