Ar tist: Peter Clark , collage HISTORY OF COLLAGE BIRTH OF COLLAGE Artists have been layering images and incorporating autonomous elements into their work since the advent of paper, collage truly emerged as a medium in its own right in the early years of the 20th century with the Cubist experiments of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. The duo coined the term “collage” (from the French verb “ coller,” meaning “to glue” or “to stick”) to describe works composed from pasted pieces of colored paper, newsprint, and fabric, considered at the time to be an audacious intermingling of high and low culture. It revolutionized modern art. In Picasso’s iconic Still Life With Chair Caning (1912), perhaps the most famous work of this period, the artist playfully renders a tabletop still life by incorporating everyday elements like newspaper and rope, as well as a trompe-l’oeil piece of mass-produced oilcloth printed with a chair-caning pattern. Georges Braque. Violin and Pipe: "Le Q u o t i d i e n . " 1 91 3 . C h a l k , c h a r c o a l a n d p a s te d p a p e r. 74 x 10 6 c m C h e c ke r b o a r d : " T i vo l i - C i n e m a . " 1 91 3 . G e s s o , p a s te d p a p e r, c h a r c o a l a n d o i l o n p a p e r, m o u n te d o n c a nv a s . 6 5 . 5 x 9 2 3 c m Inspired by Cubist experiments, artists associated with Dada — particularly the movement’s Berlin branch —began incorporating collage techniques into their work. Hannah Hoch, Richard Huelsenbeck , John Heartfield, and others pioneered the technique of photomontage, using preexisting photographs, often drawn from mass -media sources, to create composite images that sharply critiqued German society and culture in the aftermath of World War I. Indian Dancer, 1930. Hannah Hoch. Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through t h e L a s t We i m a r B e e r - B e l l y C u l t u r a l E p o c h o f G e r m a ny, 1 91 9 . H a n n a h H o c h . John Heartfield, 1930 J O H N H E ARTFIELD , P i c t ure Po s t 1 5 t h O c to ber 1 9 3 8 p h o to - mo ntage 3D COLLAGE Drawing on the foundations of Dada, neoavant-garde artists of the 1950s like Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns created assemblages that brought collage techniques into three dimensions—laying the groundwork for much contemporary sculpture— as well as works on paper that incorporated found elements drawn from the mass media and everyday life. Robert Rauschenberg, Monogram (1955-1959) Freestanding Combine BERNARD PRAS OTHER METHODS Contemporary artists continue to use the medium of collage in new and innovative ways, experimenting both formally and conceptually. In Europe in the 1950s Raymond Hains and other artists associated with Nouveau Réalisme, such as François Dufrêne (b 1930) and Mimmo Rotella, experimented with Décollage, a process of stripping away layers of glued paper. PAPER COLLAGE Illustrator and designer Peter Clark created series of collages, using a collection of found papers as his palette which are colored, patterned or textured by their printed, written or worn surfaces. DIGITAL COLLAGE Made by gathering online images or personal photos; editing and arranging them using programs like: Photoshop, Word, or Paint Shop Pro, or Illustrator, or Quark Xpress etc. Matt Wisniewski, 2011 Jesse Lenz, 2010