System
A system is a set of elements and
relationships which are different
from relationships of the set or its
elements to other elements or sets.
Characteristics Of System
Most systems share common characteristics, including:
Systems have structure, defined by components and their
composition;
Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing
and outputs of material, energy, information, or data;
Systems have interconnectivity: the various parts of a
system have functional as well as structural relationships to
each other.
Systems may have some functions or groups of functions
System Concepts
Environment and boundaries :Systems theory views the world as a complex system of
interconnected parts. We scope a system by defining its
boundary; this means choosing which entities are inside the
system and which are outside - part of the environment. We
then make simplified representations (models) of the
system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its
future behavior. These models may define the structure
and/or the behavior of the system.
Natural and man-made systems :
There are natural and man-made (designed) systems.
Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but
their outputs can be interpreted as purposes. Man-made
systems are made with purposes that are achieved by the
delivery of outputs. Their parts must be related; they must
be “designed to work as a coherent entity” - else they
would be two or more distinct systems.
Theoretical Framework An open system exchanges matter
and energy with its surroundings. Most systems are open
systems; like a car, coffeemaker, or computer. A closed
system exchanges energy, but not matter, with its
environment; like Earth or the project Biosphere2 or 3. An
isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy with
its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the
Universe.
Process and transformation process A system can also be
viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a
process or collection of processes that transforms inputs
into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced.
The concept of input and output here is very broad. E.g., an
output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from
departure to destination.
Subsystem A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a
system itself, and a component of a larger system.
System Model A system comprises multiple views. For the
man-made systems it may be such views as planning,
requirement
(analysis),
design,
implementation,
deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output
data views. A system model is required to describe and
represent all these multiple views.
System Architecture A system architecture, using one single
integrated model for the description of multiple views such
as
planning,
requirement
(analysis),
design,
implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input
data, and output data views, is a kind of system model.
Computer System
Computer System & Subsystems
Information System
An information system (IS) is any combination of
information technology and people's activities using
that technology to support operations, management In
a very broad sense, the term information system is
frequently used to refer to the interaction between
people, algorithmic processes, data and technology. In
this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the
information and communication technology (ICT) an
organization uses, but also to the way in which people
interact with this technology in support of business
processes.
Components of Information System
The main components of information
systems are
•Computer hardware
•Software
•Databases
•Telecommunications systems
• Human resources
• Procedures
Categories of IS
Management Information System (MIS).
Decision Support System (DSS).
Executive Information System (EIS).
Transaction Processing System (TPS).
Outline
•Definitions
•Types of Information Systems
•Information Systems Vs Information Technology
•Expanding Roles of IS
•Classification of IS
•Enterprise Resource Planning
•Information Systems Development
•IS as Discipline
•Information systems: Opportunities and Challenges
•Conclusion
Information System
Implementation
Information systems are implemented within an
organization for the purpose of improving the
effectiveness and efficiency of that organization.
Capabilities of the information system and characteristics
of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its
development and implementation methodologies together
determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved.
Types of information systems
Some examples of such systems are:
•data warehouses
•enterprise resource planning
•enterprise systems
•expert systems
•geographic information system
•global information system
•office automation
Information Systems have a number
of different areas of work
•Information systems strategy
•Information systems management
•Information systems development
•Information systems security
•Information systems iteration
•Information system organization
Information System development
System development is done in stages which
include:
•Problem recognition and specification
•Information gathering
•Requirements specification for the new system
•System design
•System construction
•System implementation
•Review and maintenance
Data:-
Definitions
Raw facts such as an employee’s name and number of hours
worked in a week, inventory part numbers or sales orders.
Information:A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have
additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.
Information
Data
$35,000 12 Units $12,000
J. Jones Western Region
$100,000 100 Units
35 Units
Data Processing
Salesperson: J. Jones Sales
Territory: Western Region
Current Sales: 147 Units =
$147,000
Definitions
Information Systems
An information system(IS) is typically considered to be a set of interrelated elements
or components that collect(input), manipulate(processes), and disseminate (output)
data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
Computer-based Information System
An Information System is an organized combination of people, hardware, software,
communication networks and the data resources that collects, transforms and
disseminates information in a organization.
IS Vs IT
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
Inventor
y System
Hardware
Software
Databases
Networks
Other related
components
Payroll
System
are used to build
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Marketing
System
Customer
Service
System
Classification of IS
Information Systems
Operations Support
System
Transaction
processing
systems
Process control
systems
Management Support
System
Office
automation
systems
Management
information
systems
Decision
support
systems
Executive
information
systems
1. Operations support systems process data generated by business operations
Major categories are:
i) Transaction processing systems
ii) Process control systems
iii) Office automation systems
2. Management Support Systems provide information and support needed for effective
decision making by managers
Major categories are
i)
Management Information System
ii)
Decision Support Systems
iii)
Executive Information System
1.
Operations Support System
i) Transaction processing systems
•
•
•
•
Process business exchanges
Maintain records about the exchanges
Handle routine, yet critical, tasks
Perform simple calculations
ii) Process control systems monitor and control industrial processes.
iii) Office automation systems automate office procedures and enhance office
communications and productivity.
2. Management support systems provide information and support needed for effective
decision making by managers
Major categories are:
i)
Management information systems

Routine information for routine decisions
Operational efficiency
Use transaction data as main input
Databases integrate MIS in different functional areas



ii) Decision Support System
• Interactive support for non-routine decisions or problems
•
End-users are more involved in creating a DSS than an MIS
iii) Executive information systems
provide critical information tailored to the information needs of executives
Other categories
a)
Expert systems
b)
End user computing systems
c)
Business information systems
d) Strategic information systems
a) Expert Systems are knowledge-based systems that provides expert advice and act as
expert consultants to the users
b) End user computing systems support the direct, hands on use of computers by end
users for operational and managerial applications
c) Business information systems support the operational and managerial applications of
the basic business functions of a firm
d) Strategic information systems provide a firm which strategic products, services, and
capabilities for competitive advantage
Information Systems Development
IS as Discipline
IS is an interdisciplinary field influenced by Computer Science, Political Science,
Psychology, Operations Research, Linguistics, Sociology, and Organizational Theory.
Challenges
1.
Workforce downsizing
2.
Information overload
3.
Employee mistrust
4.
Difficult to built
5.
Security breaches
Opportunities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Enhanced global competitiveness
Capture market opportunities
Support corporate strategy
Enhance worker productivity
Improve quality of goods and services
Conclusion
Information Systems are indispensable to the business, industry, academia and
any organization to meet the future challenges