PLEASE MUTE CELL PHONES
Responsible Use of
Refrigerants in HVAC
Julian de Bullet
ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer
Director of Industry Relations
McQuay International
703-395-5054
julian.debullet@mcquay.com
1
It’s About the World…..
Globally the Issues are the Same……….
2
History of Refrigerants
• 1830s - Jacob Perkins - Vapor Compression (ether)
• 1851 - John Gorie - Patent for Vapor Compression
Cycle
• 1859 R-717 / R-718 (Ammonia / Water)
• 1866 CO2 - Naval Applications
• 1873 - R-717 (Ammonia) Commercial Refrigeration Karl Linde
• 1875 - R-764 (Sulfur dioxide)
• 1920s -R-600a (Isobutane) & R-290 (Propane)
• 1922 - Willis Carrier - R-1130 (Dielene)
• 1926 - R-30 (Methylene Chloride)
3
Fluorocarbons
• CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs
HYDROGEN
• Limited Combinations
Flammable
– Adding Chlorine Or
Bromine Increases ODP
– Adding Fluorine Increases
Toxic
GWP
– Adding Hydrogen Increases
Flammability And Lowers
Atmospheric Lifetime
CHLORINE
FLUORINE
Long Atmospheric Lifetime
(fully halogenated)
4
Ozone Depletion was Detected in the 70’s………..
5
Refrigerants Circa 1987
• Common HVAC Refrigerants Include CFC-11, CFC-12
(ODP=1.0), HCFC-22 (ODP=0.05)
• Chiller Efficiency 0.70-0.80 kW/ton
• Low Pressure Chillers Lose 25% Of Charge Annually
6
Montreal Protocol Corrective Measures
• HFC-134a (ODP=0) Replaces CFC-12 for Chillers and
HCFC-22 for most Commercial HVAC Systems
• HCFC-123 (ODP=0.02) Replaces CFC-11
– These Chillers Tightened Up (High Efficiency Purge,
Portable Refrigerant Vessels, Blankets etc.)
7
20 years later….Ozone Depletion Continues…..
2005 ‘Hole” was
one of largest and
deepest ever….
Latest NASA predictions
delays recovery until
2068…..nearly 20 years
later than previously
believed…..
8
9
Montreal Protocol –Changes Made on Friday September 21st, 2007
Consumption
Phase Out Schedule – Developed Countries
100%
Consumption cap reduced
from 35% to 25% in 2010
80%
65%
60%
40%
25%
20%
2015 Service Tail Review
10%
0.5%
0%
1996
2004
2015
2010
2020
2030
Consumption
Phase Out Schedule – Developing Countries
100%
Freeze
90%
80%
65%
60%
40%
Current: Consumption cap steadily
reduced starting in 2015
Previous: Consumption capped at
2015 levels until 2040
32.5%
20%
2.5%
0%
2013 2015
2020
2025
2030
2040
Note: acceleration shown in light blue
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AVAILABILITY OF REFRIGERANT
(Dupont & ICI Projections)
Tons (000)
300
250
200
HFC134a
150
HCFC22
HFC410A
100
50
0
HCFC123
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
11
2015
2020
2025
2030
And Don’t Forget HCFC-22
• HCFC-22 phase-out in 2010 for new equipment
and 2020 for service tail production
– Consider alternatives for HCFCs now
• Recommended actions
– Select high efficiency units that use zero ozone
depleting refrigerants like HFC-410A, HFC-134a and
HFC-407C
12
HCFC-22 Issues- Clarification
Allow the sale of window air conditioners, packaged terminal air conditioners,
and some commercial refrigeration units after Jan. 1, 2010, if they were
manufactured before Jan. 1, 2010. Stockpiling of this equipment is allowed
under the rule.
• Allow the sale of pre-charged appliance components and parts manufactured
(in the traditional sense), such as condensing units, line sets, and expansion
valves, used for servicing as long as they were manufactured before Jan. 1,
2010. Stockpiling of this equipment is allowed under the rule.
• Ban the sale and installation on or after Jan. 1, 2010, of pre-charged R-22 air
conditioners (such as split systems) and refrigeration appliances that require
field charging. Contractors are advised not to stockpile this equipment.
• Permit servicing and repair work that requires the refrigeration loop to be
opened and closed. There was a question as to whether this activity would be
banned because it could be interpreted as ‘manufacturing’ after the Jan. 1,
2010 deadline.”
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ASHRAE Standard 34
14
ASHRAE 34
High
Flammability
Low
Flammability
No Flame
Propagation
15
SAFETY GROUPS
A3
B3
Propane
Butane
A2
B2
R-142b, 152a
Ammonia
A1
B1
R-11, 12, 22, 114, 500, 134a
R-123, SO2
Lower Toxicity
Higher Toxicity
Application Considerations
Refrigerants & Compressors
WATER COOLED CHILLER DUTY
18
32
POSITIVE DISPLA CEMENT,
ROTA RY, SCROLL, RECIP, SCREW
16
152a
DELTA H, (Btu/lb)
14
410A
12
134
22
10
11
134a
143a
507
502
125
8
6
500
123
124
12
113
114
4
CENTRIFUGA L
2
0
.1
1
10
CFM/TON
16
100
REFRIGERANT TRANSITION
SO2 -NH3
1920s
toxic
flammable
17
CFCs
HCFCs
HFCs
1930s-1990s
1950s-2010s
1990s +
high chlorine
lower chlorine
no chlorine
strong ozone depletion
lower ozone depletion
zero ozone depletion
strong global warming
lower global warming
lower global warming
•1974 – Molina-Rowland
theory
•1987 – Montreal protocol
•1990 – CAA amendments
•1996 – total phaseout of
CFCs
•2010 - phaseout of
HCFC-22 for new
equipment
•2020 - total phaseout
of HCFC-22 and New
HCFC -123 chillers.
ASHRAE Standard 15
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ASHRAE Standard 15
What is ASHRAE 15?
An industry standard that specifies safe
design, construction, installation, and
operation of refrigerating systems
Establishes safeguards for life, limb,
health, and property, and prescribes
safety standards
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Mechanical Room Safety Check:
Location of inlet
vents in relation
to exhaust outlets ?
Purge vents
to outside ?
Location of roof drains ?
Rupture disc
outlet locations ?
Is there a tight
seal on doors ?
Are safety rupture
lines the right size ?
Is access to mechanical
room restricted ?
Are drain valves connected
to evacuation devices ?
Are there any
pit areas in the
room ?
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Where do the
floor drains
empty to ?
Mechanical Room Per ASHRAE 15
Purge systems and relief devices
must be vented to outside (8.16)
Relief discharge shall be located not less
than 20 ‘ from ventilation opening and
not less than 15’ above ground level (9.7.8)
All indoor machinery
rooms must be vented
to the outdoors utilizing
mechanical ventilation
98.13.3 & 4
Access to mechanical
room shall be restricted.
Tight fitting doors opening
outward (self closing if the
open into the building)
adequate in number to
ensure freedom of escape.
No other openings that would
permit passage of escaping
refrigerant (8.13)
Refrigerant sensors are located in areas where
refrigerant vapor from a leak will be concentrated
so as to provide warning at concentration not
exceeding the refrigerant TLV-TWA
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The total amount of
refrigerant stored in a
machinery room in all
containers not provided
with relief valves & piped
in accordance with standard
shall not exceed 330 lb.. (11.5)
What About GWP and Leakage Rates?
For chillers, (Indirect) global warming gas emissions
(CO2) at the power plant account for more than 96%
of the Total Equivalent Warming Impact
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(AFEAS/DOE)
Energy and Global Warming
Impacts of HFC Refrigerants and
Emerging Technologies Nov 1997
Number of Leaks Detected per Unit
23
Climate Change & HFC Refrigerants
GWP (Relative to CO 2)
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Key Refrigerants
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
R-22
R-12
R-134a
R-404A
R-407C
Refrigerants
•
•
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R-410A
R-507A
1 kg R-12 = 10,600 kg CO2
1 kg R-134a = 1,430 kg CO2
1 kg R-410A = 2,088 kg CO2
1 kg R-404A = 3,922 kg CO2
GWP=How much a given mass of GHG contributes to global warming
HFC emissions covered under the Kyoto Protocol – Represent less than 2% of all GHG emissions
Climate Initiatives
Waxman/Markey House Bill- Energy Efficiency
• The goal would be for the model building energy
codes to be updated every three years to reduce
building energy consumption by 30% such target
to be increased to 50% incremental reductions in
building energy consumption for new code
editions released after January 1, 2016, with the
ultimate goal being “net-zero-energy” buildings.
• The starting baselines would be the 2004 IECC
and ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004.
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Climate Initiatives
Waxman/ Markey Bill- Climate
– The Draft provides for an HFC regulatory program
under the Title VI of the Clean Air Act, and as
expected, provides for (1) a cap and reduction
schedule, (2) allocations to HFC Producers, Users
and Importers (both bulk and products-containing);
and several other provisions
– The Draft proves for an initial cap in 2012 that is
based on the average of 2004-2006 production (and
100% of HFC and HCFC production). The number is
then to be reduced by 6% in the first year, and then
3% each year until 2028. EPA is given authority to
set this baseline within the bounds of 380 and 280
MMTCO2e
26
Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI)
• TEWI - Tool to estimate global warming impact of
various technologies
• TEWI estimates CO2 emissions of a given system
over its lifetime
– Direct: equivalent CO2 emissions caused by direct
leakage or loss of refrigerant
– Indirect: CO2 emissions due to energy consumption by the
system
27
TEWI – Major Findings
TEWI - Residential Central Air Conditioners
TEWI (MT CO2/Year)
80.00
60.00
13.9%
Direct CO2 emissions A/C
Metric Tons
40.00
20.00
6%
86.1%
Indirect CO2 emissions A/C
Metric Tons
94%
0.00
1
1970
2
2006
Year
•
•
28
New products have half the carbon footprint than products manufactured 35
years ago
Energy efficiency is key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from
HVACR equipment
Ohnishi Basis for ICCP/TEAP report
29
ARI Standard 550/590
Chiller Certification and IPLV
30
The Industry ARI Standard
Part Load Analysis (IPLV)
% Load
100
75
50
25
% Hrs
1
42
45
12
Systems Solution
Historic Energy Improvements
10
State of the Art IPLV
9
Efficiency (COP)
8
State of the Art Full Load
7
Ave rage IPLV
6
Ave rage Full Load
5
4
1990
1994
1998
2002
Ye ar
http://www.unep.org/ozone/Teap-Reports/teap_chiller_report_May2004.pdf
32
Full Load Vs. Annual Load
Chiller
58%
Fans
24%
Pumps
13%
Design Performance
33
Chiller
33%
Fans
43%
Tower
5%
Pumps
22%
Annual Energy Usage
Tower
2%
ASHRAE Standard 147
Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from HVAC & R
Systems
• Replaces Guideline 3
• Includes HFC Refrigerants
New Initiatives
• ARI- Responsible Use Guideline for Minimizing Fluorocarbon
Emissions in Manufacturing Facilities
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Other Refrigerants
• R-718 Water
• R-717 Ammonia
• R-744 CO2
• R-290,600,600a (Propane, Butane, Isobutane)
• R-407c
• R-410a
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Natural Refrigerants - Water R-718
• Refrigerant In Absorption Chillers
• Safe, Abundant, Environmentally
Friendly
• COP = 1 (Centrifugal COP = 6.4)
• Current Energy Rates Offer Poor
Life Cycle Analysis In America
• Common In Japan
36
Natural Refrigerants - Ammonia R-717
• Higher Toxicity And Lower
Flammability (B2)
• Environmentally Friendly
• Efficient
• Special Safety Efforts Required
(Std 15)
• Guarded Plants
European Built
Ammonia A/C Chiller
37
IIAR 2
38
Refrigerants
•
•
•
•
39
CO2
R-245fa
Hydrocarbons
Water
Flammable Refrigerants
• Propane And Butane
• Major Safety Concerns
• +35% Domestic Market In N. Europe
• 8% Domestic World Market
• Not Popular In North America
40
Compression
• Best Performance And Lowest
Cost Always Starts With
Compression
• Refrigerant Choice Drives
Compressor Design
• Examples
– Magnetic Bearing
– High Speed Synchronous DC
Motors
– DC Rotary And Scroll
Compressors (Japanese
Technology)
– Inverter Technology
41
Synchronous
brushless DC
motor
Magnetic
Brgs
AHRI CFC Chiller Task Force
• Most recent estimate: 27,000 CFC chillers still in N.A.
• Summit of AHRI and Efficiency Advocates- ACEEE,
ASE, Utilities etc
• Plan to use Stimulus moneys to replace CFC chillers
• Three targets
– Federal Buildings
– State and Local Government Buildings
– Commercial Buildings
• Plan:
– Gain consensus
– Develop communication piece
– e.g. CFC chillers at 0.9 kw/ton vs 0.56 kw/ton or 90.1- 2010
standards
– Write legislative language to finance using Stimulus funds
42
Considerations when Replacing or Retrofitting
•
Difficulties in Servicing and Maintaining Existing HCFC Equipment.
•
Declining Availability of HCFC Refrigerants.
•
Adequate Life-Cycle Timeframes for New Equipment using HCFC’s.
•
Determining the Remaining Life-Cycle of Existing Equipment.
•
Understanding Alternative Equipment, Refrigerant Options and
Compatibility of Both Refrigerants and Equipment.
• Containment is Key……………
43
Steps we can take today
• To have sustainable HVAC solutions
– Need to focus on overall global impact
– No one solution works for everyone
• A focus on components alone
– Limited by efficiency of individual components
– Need to look at the performance of the system
• A focus on refrigerants alone
– May increase energy consumed (indirect effect)
– HFC’s are a good solution today
• Focus on overall impact of building
– Reduce leaks in system
– Increase energy efficiency through performance standards
44
Innovative
Technology
Award
Innovative Design
Award
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It’s about the NEXT GENERATION…….
THANK YOU………
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