SOL REVIEW QUESTIONS
for
World History and Geography to 1500 A.D.
WHI.2 REVIEW #1
What shaped how early human societies lived their lives? Geography/food
and water
On what continent did the first forms of man evolve? Africa__________________
What form of early man emerged about 100,000 to 400,000 years ago? Homo
Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to where? Europe,
sapiens_____
Asia, Australia and the
Americas__
How did early man gain his food? Hunting
and gatherering________________
Early man was dependent on the availability of what? Plants
and animals
WHI.2 REVIEW #2
Early man was able to overcome his physical environment because he developed what? fire_____
Name 2 characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies. Nomadic
and lived in clans
Name 4 things which developed during the Old Stone Age. Stone
tools, weapons, fire, oral
language and cave painting______________________
What is another name for the Old Stone Age? Paleolithic________________________________
A person who migrates in search of food, water and shelter is a _?_. nomad_____________
What group developed the first tools and weapons? paleolithic__________________
WHI.2 REVIEW #3
Name 5 things which developed during the New Stone Age. Agriculture,
domestication of
animals, pottery, weaving, advanced tools_____________________________
What is another name for the New Stone Age? Neolithic
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What effect did agriculture have on how early man lived? Enabled
development of
permanent settlements
What does carbon dating do? Helps
What is an artifact? Man
date organic materials__________________________
made objects__________________________________
Who studies past cultures by locating & analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts?
Archaeologist
What archaeological site in England was built during the Neolithic period & Bronze Age?
Stonehenge
What archaeological site early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists?__Aleppo and
Jericho__________
What archaeological site Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in
Anatolia?________Catalhouyk__________
WHI.3 REVIEW #4
What did river valleys provide for early civilizations? Water
and fertile soil____
The area located from the Mediterranean coast to Mesopotamia is called what? Fertile
When did the first river civilizations appear? 3500-500
Crescent
BCE__________________
Egypt is located next to what river? Nile
What area is located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers? Mesopotamia________
What river valley civilization was located in India? Indus_______________
On what river was China’s river civilization located? Huang
He __
WHI.3 REVIEW #5
The Nile River is located on what continent? Africa_________________________________
On what continent is Mesopotamia located? Asia_____________________________________
Where did the first civilizations develop? Mesopotamia__________________________________
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What groups invaded river valley civilizations? Nomads_____________________________
Who settled between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River Valley? Hebrews________________
What group settled along the Eastern Mediterranean coast? Phoenicians__________________
What civilization was located on the upper Nile River Valley? Egyptians___________________
WHI.3 REVIEW #6
Where were the “Cradles of Civilization” located? River
Valleys_________________________
Who ruled Egypt? Pharaohs_________________________________________________
How did rulers in the river valleys gain power? Divine
What is a dynasty? Series
right_______________________________
of rulers from a single family____________________
(True)(False) Most river civilizations had a rigid class system.
What was accepted in most river valley civilizations? Slavery
– captured from wars
The government of early Mesopotamian civilizations often had a centralized government based on
what? Religious
authority
WHI.3 REVIEW #7
Name the two written law codes of the Fertile Crescent. Ten
Commandments & Code of
Hammurabi
What is an empire? Lands
taken over by another ruling nation__________
What political system is characterized by a city and its surrounding lands? City-state_____
What were two metals used to make tools and weapons? Bronze
and iron_________________
What group traded throughout the Mediterranean Sea and on Middle Eastern rivers? Phoenicians
Name 3 reasons river valley civilizations had an agricultural surplus. Better
tools, better plows,
and irrigation
Where were the world’s first cities located? Fertile
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Crescent_________________________
WHI.3 REVIEW #8
People who do work according to their skills are practicing what? technology______________
What type of religion did most people of the Fertile Crescent practice? polytheism____
What type of religion did the Hebrews follow? _Judaism_____________________
Judaism is the foundation of what other religions? Christianity
and Islam________________
Which civilization was the first to follow one God? Hebrews____________________
Who led the Hebrews out of Mesopotamia and helped found the Jewish faith? Abraham__
Who received the Ten Commandments? Moses____________________________
WHI.3 REVIEW #9
What is the holy city of the Hebrews? Jerusalem___________________________________
Who led the Jews out of Egypt? Moses______________________________________
What states the proper moral and religious conduct for Hebrews? Ten
Commandments
What is the written records and beliefs of the Hebrews? Torah_______________
What is the belief in one God? Monotheism__________________________________
What is the religion of the Hebrews? Judaism
The Hebrews were captured and taken to Babylon. What is this called? Babylonian
Captivity
WHI.3 REVIEW #10
The Hebrews were forced to leave Palestine because they rebelled too often. What is this called?
Diaspora
What civilization used hieroglyphics? Egypt________________________________
What were 2 important cultural innovations developed in early river valleys? Language
and
culture
What civilization developed the alphabet as we know it? Phoenicians______________
What civilization used cuneiform? Sumerians______________________________________
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The earliest written symbols were called what? pictograms_______
WHI.4 REVIEW #11
The Persian civilization developed from what previous civilizations? Central
Asia and
Mesopotamia
How did the Persians treat the people they conquered? Tolerance__
What is a bureaucracy? _organization
with set rules of authority-used in
government____
What religion did the Persians follow? Zoroastrianism_______________________________
What did the Persians do to improve communication and trade in their empire? Royal
Road_____
Who had the largest empire in the ancient world before Alexander the Great? _Persians_______
What was the second river valley in India to be settled? Ganges______________
WHI.4 REVIEW #12
Who invaded and conquered the original Indus River Valley civilization? Aryans_________
What was India’s rigidly structured social system based on occupation? Caste
System______
Name 3 geographic barriers which made invading India harder. Himalayas,
Hindu Kush,
Indian Ocean__
What mountains are to the west of the Indian sub-continent? Hindu
Kush___________
What mountains are to the east of the Indian sub-continent? Himalayas________
Through what mountain range did invaders reach India? Hindu
What are the 2 main rivers of the Indian subcontinent? Indus
Kush_________
and Ganges__________
WHI.4 REVIEW #13
What did the caste system influence? occupations____________________________
During what empire was India’s Golden Age of Culture? Gupta_______________
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Name 2 non-religious contributions of India. Zero
and the earth is round__________
What was the religion of classical India? Hinduism____________
What religion believes in one major deity who takes many forms? _Hinduism___________
The Indian cycle of rebirth is called what? reincarnation___________________
Future reincarnation based on present behavior is what? _karma_________
WHI.4 REVIEW #14
What are the sacred writings of Hinduism? Vedas
and Upanishads_________
What religion did Siddhartha Gautama found? Buddhism_________________
Where was Buddhism founded? India_______________________________
What does a Buddhist have to do to gain Enlightenment? Four
Noble Truths and the
Eightfold Path to Enlightenment
Who was Buddha? Siddhartha
Gautama____
Who sent missionaries to spread Buddhism throughout Asia? Asoka_____________
What are the 2 basic beliefs of Buddhism? Four
Noble Truths /Eightfold Path____
In what river valley was classical China’s civilization located? Huang
He___________
WHI.4 REVIEW #15
What is another name for the Huang He? Yellow
River_______________________________
From where did migratory invaders enter China? _The
north______________________
Why was the Great Wall built? protection____________________________
About when did China’s civilization begin? _1500BCE_____________________________
What 2 religions did China contribute? _Confucianism
Who built the Great Wall of China? _Qin
and Taoism_________________
Shi Huangdi
The ruling families of China were called what? _dynasties_________________________
Chinese rulers served under the authority of what? _Mandate
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of Heaven_________________
WHI.4 REVIEW #16
What does this mean? Rulers
were divine and served as long as they served
justly__
Chinese emperors were considered to be what? _Divine_______________________
What connected China to cultures as far away as Rome? _Silk
Road_____
People who work for the bureaucracy of China were part of what? _Civil
Service___________
What fabric did China contribute to the world?
_Silk_______________________________
Name 4 contributions of classical China. Civil
service, silk, paper and porcelain
What religion believes that humans are good, not bad? _Confucianism____________________
Name 5 beliefs of Confucianism. All
people are good, respect for elders, code of
politeness, emphasis on education, ancestor worship
WHI.4 REVIEW #17
In what country do citizens respect their elders and worship their ancestors? _China_________
What belief of Confucianism still influences China today? _politeness______________________
What represents opposites in Daoism and Confucianism? _Yin/Yang_________________
What religion believes in a simple life and inner peace? _Taoism______________
What religion believes man should live in harmony with nature? __Taoism_____
Buddhism from where spread throughout Asia? _India_____________
What 3 religions are practiced in China? _Buddhism,
Confucianism, Taoism_______
WHI.5 REVIEW #18
What geographic feature shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greece?
Mountains and peninsulas/ seas_________
The Hellenic civilization took place in what country? _Greece
How did the Greeks spread the Hellenic culture? ___trade
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and colonization
What sea is located east of Greece? Aegean
Sea____________________________
What sea is located south of Greece? Mediterranean
What strait leads to the Black Sea? Hellespont/
Sea__________________
Dardanelles
What peninsula is located east of Greece? Anatolian/
Asia Minor
WHI.5 REVIEW #19
What area was located north of Greece and was the home of Alexander the Great? Macedonia_
What were the 2 main city-states of Greece?
Athens and Sparta_
Why was agriculture limited in ancient Greece? Mountains__________________
To trade one good for another is to do what? Barter_______________________________
What was the chief occupation of the Greeks? sailors_________________________________
Greeks practiced barter, but later changed over to what? Coins/
money
What geographical feature isolated and hindered the development of Greek city-states? Mountains
WHI.5 REVIEW #20
Why did the Greeks colonize outside Greece? Agricultural
colonies/ food, population
increase
What did the design of Greek city-states promote? independence________________________
The Greeks practiced what kind of religion? polytheism__________________________________
Name 3 things Greek mythology explained. Natural
phenomena, human qualities and
life events
Why is Greek mythology still important today? Symbols
and images in western
literature, art and architecture
What did Zeus represent? Chief
god________________________________________________
What did Artemis represent? The
What did Apollo represent? The
hunt____________________________________________
sun_____________________________________________
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WHI.5 REVIEW #21
What did Athena represent? Wisdom_______________________________________________
What did Hera represent? Marriage,
What did Aphrodite represent? Love
and she was the wife of Zeus
and beauty_________________________________
What city-state had the most democratic government of its time? Athens______________
Who were Greek citizens? Free
men_________________________________________
What responsibility did Greek citizens have? Military
What 3 groups had no political power? Women,
and taxes_________________________
foreigners and slaves________
What kind of government was ruled by one family who inherited power? monarchy
WHI.5 REVIEW #22
What government is ruled by a small group of nobles? Aristocracy
What government is ruled by one person who seized power? Tyranny
What government is ruled by citizens who could vote? Direct
(dictatorship)________
Democracy___________________
Who created written laws with severe punishments? Draco_________
Who improved the legal system & expanded participation in the Assembly?Cleisthenes
What city-state had a direct democracy? Athens______________________________________
What 3 democratic principles began in Athens? Direct
democracy, public debate, and
duties of a citizen
WHI.5 REVIEW #23
Which Greek city-state had a militaristic and aggressive society? Sparta______________
What Greek city-state had an oligarchy? Sparta_____________________________________
Which city-state had a rigid social structure? Sparta___________________________________
What type of government is ruled by a small group? oligarchy_____
Which wars united Athens and Sparta against an external enemy? Persian
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Wars
What was a result of the Persian War for Athens? Perserved
independence, culture, new
ideas of government
Name 2 battles of the Persian Wars.
Marathon and Salamis________________________
WHI.5 REVIEW #24
A result of the Persian War for the Greeks was the control of what sea?. Aegean
Sea
Which war came first--Peloponnesian or Persian? Persian_____________________________
What was the alliance headed by Athens? Delian
League_________________________________
What war was caused by competition between Athens & Sparta for control of the Greek world?
Peloponnesian Wars
What war caused a slowing of culture and a weakening of political power in Greece?
Peloponnesian Wars
What was the alliance headed by Sparta? Peloponnesian
Who was Pericles? Leader
League__________________
of Athens during the Golden Age, extended
democracy
WHI.5 REVIEW #25
Who rebuilt Athens after the Persian Wars? Pericles_____________________________
What building was rebuilt after the Persian Wars? Parthenon______________________
During the reign of _?_, democracy was extended so all adult male citizens could vote & participate in
the gov’t. Pericles________________________________________________________
The Golden Age of Pericles was between what 2 wars? Persian
and Peloponnesian Wars
Who wrote the Iliad & the Odyssey? _Homer______________________________________
Name 2 Greek dramatic playwrights. Aeschylus(Father
of Tragedy) and Sophocles
Name the first Greek historian. _Herodotus____________________________________
WHI.5 REVIEW #26
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What Greek historian wrote about the Peloponnesian War? Thucydides_______________
Who was the Greek sculptor who created the statue of Athena in the Parthenon? Phidias__
What kind of columns are on the Parthenon? Doric__________
What were the 3 types of Greek columns? Doric,
Ionian, Corinthian________________
Who was the Greek who developed the lever and pulley? Archimedes___________________
Who was the father of medicine? Hippocrates__
Name 3 Greek philosophers. Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle____________
Who developed a theory about right triangles? Pythagoras
WHI.5 REVIEW #27
Who was the father of geometry? _Euclid_____________________________________
What war made it easier for the Macedonians to conquer Greece? Peloponnesian_____
What Macedonian conquered most of Greece? Philip
II______________________________
Name 3 areas controlled by Alexander the Great. Egypt,
What did Alexander the Great spread? Hellenistic
Persia and India__________
culture
Who conquered the Persian Empire and most of the ancient world? Alexander
How was Hellenistic culture spread? War/
What was Hellenistic culture? Blending
the Great
conquest________________________________
of east and west (EPIG)
WHI.6 REVIEW #28
Where was Rome located? _Central
Mediterranean Sea/ Italian Peninsula
Name two advantages of Rome’s location. Centrally
located in the Mediterranean
and the Italian Peninsula__
What protected Italy from northern invaders? The
Alps___________________________
What protected Italy on all other sides? Seas
On what landform is Italy located? peninsula______________________
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What advantages did the Mediterranean Sea provide for Rome? Location
for trade and
protection____________
What type of religion did Rome follow? polytheism________________________
How has Roman mythology influenced western art and culture? ___Western
literature and
forms of art have been used in culture and art for many years
WHI.6 REVIEW #29
Did Rome’s religion influence its politics, culture and art? _Symbols,
images in literature
and architecture
Name 3 things Roman mythology explained. Natural
events, human qualities and life
events_______________
Roman mythology was based on what? _Greek
What did Jupiter represent? Chief
god___________________________________________
What did Juno represent? _Goddess
What did Apollo represent? _The
of marriage
sun_________________________________
What did Venus represent? _Love
What did Diana represent? The
mythology
and beauty
Hunt
WHI.6 REVIEW #30
What did Minerva represent? _Wisdom____________________________
Name 3 groups in Roman society who had no rights. __Women,
slaves, and foreignersNon-
Non-Romans living in the Roman Republic were called what? __aliens____
What was the highest Roman social class and who was in it?
__patricians_________________________________
Roman slavery was not based on what? _ethnicity___________________________________
The majority of Rome’s population was what class? __plebeians_____________________
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Who were forced by conquest to become servants to the Romans? _defeated
enemies_______________
WHI.6 REVIEW #31
Who held citizenship in Rome? __Males__
Who had the privilege of voting in Rome? _Citizens_______________________________
Name 2 responsibilities of Roman citizenship. _Taxes
and military service
What kind of democracy did Rome have? __Representative
Democracy – Republic
Who was elected by the Assembly & served Rome for one year? __consuls____
Who served in the Senate and Assembly? ___patricians
The written laws of Rome were called what? _Twelve
The Punic Wars were between whom? ___Rome
and pebleians (citizens)
Tables____________________
and Carthage______________
WHI.6 REVIEW #32
Rome’s victory in the Punic Wars led to the diffusion of what? __Roman
culture_______
The Punic Wars were fought because of competition for what? __control
of the western
Mediterranean Sea________
Who invaded the Italian peninsula during the Second Punic War? __Hannibal____
Who won the Punic Wars? ___Rome
The Third Punic War resulted in the destruction of what? _Carthage__________
What wars were fought from 264-146 BC? __Punic
Wars_________
At the end of the Punic Wars, Rome controlled the lands around what sea? __Mediterranean
WHI.6 REVIEW #33
Name 3 results of the Punic Wars? _Roman
victory, destruction of Carthage,
expanded trade and wealth for Rome ____
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Sea
Name 4 areas which became part of the Roman Empire. _Mediterranean
Basin, Hellenistic
World (Greece), Gaul and British Isles___
Name 4 causes for the decline of the Roman Republic. Spread
of slavery, migration of
small farmers to Rome, civil war over power of Julius Caesar,
devaluation of Roman currency and inflation
What replaced the Roman republic? _Roman
Define inflation. __Rise
Empire____________________________
in price due to limited number of products____
What did devaluation of Roman currency cause? __The
Who was in the First Triumvirate? __Julius
decline of the Roman Republic
Caesar, Pompey, and
Crassus______________________
A civil war broke out between the Senate and whom? __Julius
Caesar __________
WHI.6 REVIEW #34
What happened to Julius Caesar? ____Murdered_______________
Who defeated Marc Anthony at the Battle of Actium? __Augustus
Who was the first emperor of Rome? __Augustus
Caesar____
Caesar__________________________
How did Rome unify and enlarge its empire? __war/military
What was a weakness of the Roman political system? __No
power____________________
method to select the next
emperor
Name 3 things Augustus Caesar instituted when he established the Roman Empire. Roads,
money
system, expanded imperial authority
What was the Pax Romana? ___Two
hundred years of peace and prosperity
WHI.6 REVIEW #35
What emperor established the Pax Romana? __Augustus
Caesar____________
What was expanded and solidified during the Pax Romana? _Roman
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Empire__________
Name 3 effects of the Pax Romana on the economy. __Roads,
money system, expanded
imperial authority using the military
What effect did a uniform system of money have on the Pax Romana? __Helped
Name 2 social impacts of the Pax Romana. _Returned
expand trade
stability to social classes, placed
emphasis on the family
Rule by law describes what? ___Everyone
must follow the law-equal before the law
During what period did a civil service and uniform rule of law develop? __Pax
Romana
WHI.6 REVIEW #36
What is the civil service? __Hiring
qualified workers based on testing__
Christianity was based on what religion? __Judaism
What kind of religion was Christianity? __Monotheism
Who was proclaimed the Messiah? __Jesus__________________________
Who originated Christianity? __Jesus______________________________________________
Why did the Romans persecute Christians? ___Jesus
was becoming more powerful than
the emperors_______
Name 3 basic beliefs of Christianity. __Monotheism,
Jesus is both the Son and the
incarnation of God, life after death______
What was the holy book for Christians? _Bible
WHI.6 REVIEW #37
Who established early Christian doctrine? ______Church
councils ____
What was the goal of the Apostles? __Spread
Christianity________
What does the New Testament contain? __The
teachings of Jesus and letters of the
Apostles_____________
Who helped to establish Christianity as a separate religion? __Constantine___
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Who was the first Christian emperor? __Constantine___________
What emperor legalized Christianity? __Constantine___________________________
How did the Romans treat the Christians? _Persecuted
– made them martyrs ___
What became the moral authority of the late Roman Empire? _The
Church ____
WHI.6 REVIEW #38
What was the main unifying force in western Europe after the fall of Rome? _The
Church______
After the fall of the Roman Empire, to whom did the people of Europe give their loyalty? _The
Church__
What spread Roman culture? _military,
conquest and trade______
What temple was built by Hadrian in Rome and has a freestanding dome? _Pantheon____
What area in Rome was the center of gov't and religion? _Forum_______
It was an amphitheater where gladiator games were held. __Colesseum___________
The Appian Way is an example of a _?_. ___all
weather road__________________________
This carried water to Roman cities. ___aqueducts________________________________
WHI.6 REVIEW #39
Most Roman buildings have this architectural feature. __arches______________
Name 3 examples of public health in Rome. __Baths,
public water systems, medical
schools______________________________________________
Who was Ptolemy? ____Astronomer__________________________________
What language did they speak in Rome? ___Latin__________________________________
Languages which came from Latin are called what? ___Romance
Name 3 Romance languages. __Italian,
Languages _
French, Spanish____________________
Who wrote the Aeneid? ____Virgil___________________________________
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What were the 2 most important religions in Rome? ___polytheism
and Christianity__
WHI.6 REVIEW #40
What principle of law came from Rome? __Innocent
What were the Twelve Tables? __written
until proven guilty____
laws_______________
Why did the Western Roman Empire “fall”? _Hard
to defend, civil wars due to poor
economy, moral decay, and invasion___
Name 2 economic factors for the fall of Rome. __Cost
of defense, and devaluation of
currency(inflation)____________________
Who did the Roman army include at the “fall of Rome”? ___non
Romans-mercenaries__
(True)(False) No one factor caused Rome to fall. ____________________________________________
What was the result in the inclusion of barbarians in the army? _decline
What factor led to the moral decay of Rome? ___People
of discipline___
lost faith in Rome and the
family__
WHI.6 REVIEW #41
Name 2 factors which increased Rome’s political weakness. __Civil
wars and weak leaders_
When did the Roman Empire “fall”? ___476CE________________________________
Who invaded the Roman Empire? __Barbarians_________________________
Who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium? _Constantine________
What became Byzantium’s new name? ___Constantinople____________________
What event caused the “fall” of the Western Roman Empire? __No
emperor when the
barbarians invaded______
What did the Eastern Roman Empire become? __Byzantine
WHI.7 REVIEW #42
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Empire_________
Name 4 advantages of Constantinople’s location Easily defended, crossroads of trade, distance from
Germanic invasion, protection of eastern frontier
What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire? _Constantinople_______________
What ended the Byzantine Empire? __Invasion of Ottoman Turks________________
The Byzantine Empire helped preserve what cultures? __Greek and Roman____________
Who codified Roman law? __Justinian____________________________
What impact did Justinian’s code have on western Europe? _became model of modern European law
Under what emperor did the Byzantine empire reach its height of culture and prosperity? _Justinian_
WHI.7 REVIEW #43
Name 3 accomplishments of Justinian. __Codification of Roman Law, expanded trade, built Hagia
Sophia, and reconquered Roman territory_____
Who is the most well known Byzantine Emperor? _Justinian___________
What Byzantine emperor reconquered many formerly Roman territories? __Justinian____
What enabled a distinct Byzantine art and architecture to develop? __Inspiration from Christian and
imperial power________
What tradition influenced Byzantine culture? __Greco Roman_____
What are the religious images of the Byzantine Empire? __icons____________
What is a mosaic? __Small tiles or stones to create a picture_____
Where were mosaics used? Public and religious structures
WHI.7 REVIEW #44
What is the Byzantine domed church in Constantinople? _Hagia Sophia________
What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire? __Greek__________
What type of Christianity was practiced in the Byzantine Empire? _Eastern Orthodox_____
What did Byzantine libraries preserve? __Greek and Roman knowledge_____________
What weakened the unity of the Christian Church? __Authority of the pope and patriarch_
Where was the Eastern church centered? _Constantinople__
What language did the Eastern church use? _Greek__
What language did the Western church use? _Latin____________
WHI.7 REVIEW #45
Where was the Western church centered? _Rome___________
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Who was accepted as the leader of the Western church? __Pope__________
Who accepted the practice of celibacy? __Western Church- Roman Catholic______________
What was the result of the differences between the Eastern and Western Christian churches? _Schism__
What civilization influenced Eastern Europe & Russia? _Byzantine_________
What church did Russia and Eastern Europe adopt? _Eastern Orthodox__________
How did Eastern Europe and Russia come into contact with the Byzantine Empire? _trade_
Who developed the Slavic alphabet? __St. Cyril__________________________
What civilization influenced Russian architecture and religious art? __Byzantine______
WHI.8 REVIEW #46
Who founded Islam? ___Mohammad_________________________________
What type of religion is Islam? _monotheistic__________________________________
Who is The Prophet? __Mohammad_________________________________
What are the two holiest cities of Islam? __Mecca and Medina________
Where are they located? __Arabian Peninsula_________________________
Where was the first Muslim Empire located? _Arabian Peninsula___________
What does Allah mean? __God____________________________________
What is the holy book of Islam? __Qur’an (Koran)_____________________
Name 3 of the Five Pillars of Islam. 1. Faith 2. Prayer 3. Alms (charity) 4. Fasting 5. Hajj
WHI.8 REVIEW #47
Name 3 prophets Muslims believe in. ___Mohammad, Moses and Jesus__________
Name 2 geographic barriers Muslims overcame to spread their religion. _desert and mountain barriers
___
Where did Islam spread? _Arabian Peninsula. Fertile Crescent, Iran, Central Asia and into
Spain_____
Islam spread along what type of routes? __trade routes__________________
What did a common language help Muslims to do? __facilitated (made easy) trade______
Did geographic barriers stop the spread of Islam? __deserts and mountains_did not____________
Why was Islam able to spread into the Fertile Crescent and Central Asia? _weak Byzantine and
Persian Empires___
What language did Muslims spread? Arabic
Slavery in Muslim countries was not based on …. __race_______________
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WHI.8 REVIEW #48
What are the 2 divisions of Islam? ___Sunni and Shi’a____________________________
What battle “saved” Europe from the Muslims? __Battle of Tours in France - 732_________________
What cities in the Middle East were conquered by the Muslims? _Jerusalem and Damascus______
What mosque is in Jerusalem? __religious building_Dome of the Rock___
Name 3 contributions of Islamic society. _architecture – Dome of the Rock, mosaics, Arabic
alphabet, universities_ALGEBRA____
How did Muslims save ancient texts? _translated ancient texts into Arabic_____
What was the artistic form used by Muslims in many of their mosques? _calligraphy and geometric
designs____
Where did Arabic numerals originally come from? _India_____
What 2 mathematical concepts did Muslims develop? _algebra, arabic numerals (adapted from India
including the zero_________________
Name 2 other achievements of the Muslims. _medicine, expansion of geographic knowledge______
WHI.9 REVIEW #49
What was the unifying force in western Europe after the fall of Rome? _Catholic Church___
What gained importance as the Roman empire declined? __Church authority______
Who anointed the Holy Roman Emperor? _Pope Leo III______________
What needs of the people did the Roman Catholic Church serve? _religious and social needs___
Name the 3 foundations of early medieval society. _1. Classical heritage of Rome 2. Christian beliefs,
3. Customs of Germanic tribes___
What preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements? _Monasteries__________
What 2 things did Christian missionaries bring to the Germanic tribes? __Christianity and Latin
alphabet____
WHI.9 REVIEW #50
When did the pope anoint Charlemagne? __800CE_________________
What title did Charlemagne gain? _Emperor_________________________________
Who served the religious and social needs of the people? __Parish priests_____
What kind of system was established in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? _Feudal system___
Why did medieval Europe turn to feudalism? _protection____________________________
A serf owed obligations, especially protection to whom? _lord_______________
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What ended Roman protection to the Empire? _invasion of barbarians and Rome fell___________
WHI.9 REVIEW #51
A _?_ is the land a vassal received from a lord. __fief____________________
What was the major part of lord/vassal relationships? __feudal obligation_____________
A person who owed loyalty to a lord was a ….. __vassal___________________________
A person who worked for a lord was a..... __serf________________________
The _?_ system was the economic system of the Middle Ages. __manorial___________________
What did manors try to be? __self-sufficient_____________________________
What kind of class structure did medieval Europe have? __rigid______________
WHI.9 REVIEW #52
How did the Frankish kings expand their territory? _conquest________________________
The Church allied with whom to reestablish Roman culture in Western Europe? _Charlemagne____
Who was responsible for a revival of learning and Roman culture? __Charlemagne______
Who did the pope crown Holy Roman Emperor? __Charlemagne__________________
What disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe? ___invasions ___
Who was invading Europe? __Angles and Saxons and Vikings______________________
What tribe invaded Hungary? __Magyars________________________________
Where did they come from? _Central Asia_____
WHI.9 REVIEW #53
What Germanic tribes invaded England? __Angles and Saxons____________
Who attacked Europe from Scandinavia? __Vikings___________________
Who settled in Russia? __Vikings___________
What provided protection from these invaders? __Manors with castles_____
Name 3 results of the Germanic invasions on medieval Europe. __disrupted trade, towns declined and
feudalism was strengthened________
What reinforced the feudal system? ___manors with castles for protection__________
WHI.10 REVIEW #54
Trade routes developed between what 3 continents? ___Asia, Europe and Africa_____
What trade route crossed Asia to the Mediterranean Basin? _Silk Road__
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What does maritime mean? __Being around the water_________________________
What was traded across the Trans-Saharan trade route? __salt and gold
Northern European trade routes were linked to what sea? __Black Sea______
Western European trade routes centered around what? _sea and river________
Southeast Asian trade centered around what sea? __South China Sea_________
What was exchanged between the Eastern Hemisphere trade routes? __Textiles, porcelain and amber
What was traded from lands around the Indian Ocean? __spices________
WHI.10 REVIEW #55
What type of goods came from India, China, the Middle East, and later Europe? _textiles
What goods came from China and Persia? __porcelain____________________________
Where did paper originally come from? __China________________________
How did paper get to Western Europe? ___through the Muslim and Byzantine empires_
What new crop came from India? __those crops used to make sugar_______________________
Name 2 technological inventions from the Eastern Hemisphere? __waterwheels, paper
Name 2 new navigation technologies. __compass and lateen sail_____________
Where did they come from? _China and Indian Ocean region_________
What ideas spread across the hemispheres? __Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, and printing of
paper money_____
WHI.10 REVIEW #56
Buddhism spread from China to where? __Korea and Japan______________
What religions spread from India to Southeast Asia? __Hinduism and Buddhism
Where did Islam spread? West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia
What 2 inventions came from China? __paper and compass________
What 2 religions coexist in Japan? ___Shinto and Buddhism_______
What is an archipelago? ___a string of islands___________________
What is the topography of Japan? ___mountainous_____________
Name 2 geographic features which helped to defend Japan? ___Sea of Japan and mountains___
WHI.10 REVIEW #57
What separates Japan from the Asian mainland? __Sea of Japan____________
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Japan is near what 2 countries? __Korea and China_______________________________
Name 3 Chinese influences on Japanese culture. _writing, architecture and Buddhism_______
What is the ethnic religion of Japan? __Shintoism____________________
Name 3 important features of Shintoism. __natural features, forces of nature and ancestors___
Who did the Japanese worship as part of their religion? __emperor___________
What is the state religion of Japan? ___Shintoism__________________________
(True)(False) A person cannot be a follower of both Shintoism and Buddhism. ____________________
WHI.10 REVIEW #58
What is the area south of the Sahara Desert called? _sub-Saharan_________________
What brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African civilizations? _trade_
What 3 African civilizations developed in West Africa? __Ghana, Songhai and Mali___
What civilization developed in East Africa? __Axum_______________________
What civilization developed in southern Africa? Zimbabwe_
What civilization was located in the Ethiopian Highlands, near the Nile River? _Axum____
Christianity was the main religion of what African kingdom? __Axum______________
What civilization was located near the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers, near the coast of the Indian Ocean?
__Zimbabwe_____
WHI.10 REVIEW #59
What was Great Zimbabwe? ___capital of a prosperous empire_______
On what river were the civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai located? __Niger__
What city was a center of trade and learning in West Africa? _Timbuktu__
What were the main products of the Trans-Saharan trade? __gold and salt_____
What desert is near Ghana, Mali, and Songhai? ___Sahara________
What is animism? _spirits are present in objects___
What religions did many civilizations of West Africa practice? __Islam_____
WHI.10 REVIEW #60
Match the technology to where it came from-_c_ Paper Money
a. Indian Ocean
_d_ Paper
b. India
_b__ Crops to produce sugar
c. China
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_e_ Compass
d. China
_a_ Lateen sail
e. China
_f_ Printing
f. China
WHI.11 REVIEW #61
What were the 3 civilizations of the Western Hemisphere? __Mayan, Aztec, and Incas_____
Where was the Mayan civilization located? ___Mexican and Central American rainforests_
What was Chichén Itzá? __Mayan pyramid________________
Who ruled Mayan city-states? __kings
What kind of religion did the Mayans have? __polytheistic________________
What architectural feature characterized the Mayan civilization? ___pyramids_____
On what was the Mayan economy based? __agriculture and trade_______
WHI.11 REVIEW #62
Where was the Aztec civilization located? ___arid valley of central Mexico_______
What was the main city of the Aztecs? __Tenochtitlan_________
Who ruled the Aztecs? __emperor_________
On what was the Aztec economy based? ___agriculture and tribute from conquered people
What kind of religion did the Aztecs have? __polytheistic__________
On what was the Aztec religion based? __rituals__________
What architectural feature characterized the Aztec civilization? ___pyramids__
WHI.11 REVIEW #63
Where was the Incan civilization located? __Andes Mts, of South America____
Who ruled the Incas? __emperor__________
What was the main city of the Incas? __Machu Picchu______
On what was the Incan economy based? __high altitude agriculture_______
What kind of religion did the Incas have? __polytheistic_______
What advancements did the Incans achieve? __road system
Name 3 contributions of the Aztecs, Incas and Mayans. _calendars, mathematics, and writing and
record keeping______
________
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WHI.12 REVIEW #64
When did the European nation states begin to form? __11th century_______
What did William the Conqueror unite? ___England__________________
Who led the Norman Conquest? __William the Conqueror_________________________
Who invaded and captured England in 1066? ___William the Conqueror________________
During whose reign did common law develop? Henry II__
Who signed the Magna Carta? __King John________________________
What was the result of the Magna Carta? __Limited the power of the king_________
Who was the Hundred Years War between? __England and France_______
What did it define for England? _It defined England as a nation__________________
WHI.12 REVIEW #65
Who established the French throne? __Hugh Capet_______________________
What became his capital? _Paris______________________________
What did his dynasty achieve? ___expanded control over most of France_____
What did the Hundred Years War define for France? __It defined France as a nation___
Who was Joan of Arc? _A young girl who unified France__________
Why was she important? _Led the French against the English________________________
What rulers unified Spain? _Ferdinand and Isabella______
Who expelled the Muslim Moors from Spain? __Ferdinand and Isabella______________
WHI.12 REVIEW #66
Who expanded the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere? __Charles V________
What ruler of Russia overthrew the Mongols? __Ivan the Great__________
Name 3 achievements of Ivan the Great. __Threw out the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow,
and expanded Russia as a nation______________
Who held the power in Russia? __Tsar (czar)_______________
What group influenced the unification of Russia? __Orthodox Church____
What was the goal of the Crusades? _Capture Jerusalem_______________
Who took part in the Crusades? __Christians and Muslims__________
Pope Urban’s speech began what? __The Crusades___________
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WHI.12 REVIEW #67
During the Third Crusade, what city was captured by the Christians? _Jerusalem_______
What did the crusaders establish in the Holy Lands? __Crusader States_________
What Muslim leader captured Jerusalem? _Saladin______________
What city was sacked by western crusaders? _Constantinople____
Name 2 positive effects of the Crusades. __stimulated trade, strengthened monarchs____
Name 3 negative effects of the Crusades. __legacy of bitternesd between Christians, Jews, and
Muslims, weakened the Pope and nobles, weakened the Byzantine Empire____
Name 3 areas invaded by the Mongols. _Russia, China and the Muslim states in SW Asia_____
What were 2 results of these invasions? Destroyed cities and countryside and created an empire
WHI.12 REVIEW #68
Who conquered Constantinople? __Ottoman Turks_______________
When was it conquered? __1453__________________________________________
What did this conquest end? __Byzantine Empire_________________________
What was the capital of the Ottoman Empire? __Constantinople____________
What is another name for the Black Death? __Bubonic Plague______________
When did it strike Europe? __14th century____________________________________
What areas were affected by the Black Death? __Asia and Europe_________
Name 5 impacts of the Black Death. __1. Decline of population 2. Scarcity of labor 3. Towns freed
from feudal obligations 4. Decline of church influence 5. Disruption of trade
WHI.12 REVIEW #69
Who was educated during the Middle Ages? __Clergy_____
What was the nobility concerned with during the Middle Ages? __feudal obligations______
Who was not educated during the Middle Ages? ___majority of the people_________
Where was ancient literature preserved? __Greco Roman__________
What is a monastery? __building where monks pray and copy manuscripts___________
What works were translated into Latin? __Greek and Arabic works______________
What new knowledge did church scholars make available in Europe? _philosophy, medicine and
science ___
What led to the rise of universities in Europe? __church scholars______
WHI.13 REVIEW #70
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What event introduced new products to Europe? __Crusades______________
What promoted contact between Europe and the Byzantine and Muslim Empires? _Crusades____
Why were credit and banking developed? __To make trade easier________________
Why did Europe need to produce more goods to trade? ___To trade for products from Middle
East_________
What is usury? ___Interest on loans________________________
What 2 things helped secularize northern Italy? _Church’s rule against usury, letters of credit and
new accounting practices_________
What does secular mean? __Worldly______________________________
What expanded the supply of money and made trade easier? __Letters of credit_____________
WHI.13 REVIEW #71
What new bookkeeping practice was introduced? __Arabic numerals were used_____________
What was the Renaissance? __A rebirth of learning_____________________
What led to the rise of Italian city-states? __Geographic location, wealthy upper class _____
Who were the civic leaders of the Italian city-states? _Wealthy merchants_______________
Observations in The Prince were based on whom? __City-state rulers _____________
Who wrote The Prince? __Machiavelli___________________________________
What kind of government did The Prince state was best? ___absolute power__________
WHI.13 REVIEW #72
Which of the following are True statements about/from The Prince?
● It states the guidelines of how to gain and keep power. __true___________________
● It was a modern treatise on government. __true_______________________________
● Absolute power is good. ___true___________________________________________
● The end justified the means. __true_______________________________________
● A ruler should always do evil and good deeds only when necessary. _true________
WHI.13 REVIEW #73
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What 3 Italian city-states controlled trade routes connecting Europe and the Middle East? _Venice,
Florence and Genoa_
Italian city-states distributed goods to what area of Europe? __northern Europe________
What kind of government did most Italian city-states have? __self-governing republic______
Were Italian city-states united under one king? __No__________________________________
What is a patron? __A wealthy person who supports the arts___________________________
How did most patrons gain their wealth? __Trade__________________________
What did most patrons want glorified? ___the individual___________________________
What type of education was becoming the norm? ___secular__________________
WHI.13 REVIEW #74
What were the subjects of most medieval art and literature? __the church_________
What were the subjects of most Renaissance art and literature? _individuals and worldly matters and
Christianity____________
Who painted the Mona Lisa and Last Supper? __da Vinci________________________
Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculpted the David? __Michelangelo___________
Who wrote sonnets to Laura? __Petrarch_________________________________
Who was an Italian humanist scholar? __Petrarch______
Name 3 aspects of humanism. Celebrated the individual, stimulated study of Greek and Roman
culture and literature, supported by wealthy patrons
Where did the Italian Renaissance spread? ___Northern Europe_____________
How did it spread? __Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance
ideas______________________
WHI.13 REVIEW #75
(True)(False) The Northern Renaissance was the same as the Italian Renaissance. __________________
What supported Renaissance ideas in Northern Europe? _wealthy and German princes_________
What did Northern Renaissance thinkers blend? __Christianity and humanism____________
What did Gutenberg invent? __Moveable type printing press
What helped to spread the ideas of the Renaissance? _Printing press – Gutenberg Bible
Why did books become cheaper during the Renaissance? __Printing press_____
Who wrote The Praise of Folly? _Erasmus_____________________________
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Who wrote Utopia? __Sir Thomas More________________________________
What subjects did the artists of the Northern Renaissance paint? __Portraits and Religious scenes
IDENTIFY THE PICTURES BELOW--
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