Extra info and dates created:
Offset printing: The first rotary offset lithographic printing press was created in England and
patented in 1875 by Robert Barclay.
Flexography: In 1890, the first such patented press was built in Liverpool, England by Bibby,
Baron and Sons.
Hot wax dye transfer:
Inkjet printing: The concept of inkjet printing originated in the 20th century, and the
technology was first extensively developed in the early 1950s. Starting in the late 1970s
inkjet printers that could reproduce digital images generated by computers were developed,
mainly by Epson, Hewlett-Packard
Laser printing: The laser printer was invented at Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary
Starkweather, who had an improved printer working by 1971 and incorporated into a fully
functional networked printer system by about a year later.
Pad printing: While crude forms of pad printing have existed for centuries, it was not until
the twentieth century that the technology became suitable for widespread use. First gaining
a foothold in the watch-making industry following World War II, developments in the late 60s
and early 70s, such as silicone pads and more advanced equipment, made the printing
method far more practical.
Rotogravure (gravure) In the last quarter of the 19th century, the method of image photo
transfer onto carbon tissue covered with light-sensitive gelatine was discovered, and was the
beginning of rotogravure. In the 1930s–1960s, newspapers published relatively few
photographs and instead many newspapers published separate rotogravure sections in their
Sunday editions. These sections were devoted to photographs and identifying captions, not
news stories.
Screen printing Credit is generally given to the artist Andy Warhol for popularizing screen
printing identified as serigraphy, in the United States. Warhol is particularly identified with his
1962 depiction of actress Marilyn Monroe screen printed in garish colours.
American entrepreneur, artist and inventor Michael Vasilantone would start to use, develop,
and sell a rotary multicolour garment screen printing machine in 1960.[citation needed]
Vasilantone would later file for patent[9] on his invention in 1967 granted number 3,427,964
on February 18, 1969. The original rotary machine was manufactured to print logos and
team information on bowling garments but soon directed to the new fad of printing on tshirts. The Vasilantone patent was licensed by multiple manufacturers, the resulting
production and boom in printed t-shirts made the rotary garment screen printing machine the
most popular device for screen printing in the industry. Screen printing on garments currently
accounts for over half of the screen printing activity in the United States.
Blueprint In 1861 Alphonse Louis Poitevin, a French chemist, found that ferro-gallate in gum
is light sensitive.[1] Light turns this to an insoluble permanent blue. A coating of this chemical
on a paper or other base may be used to reproduce an image from a translucent document.
The ferro-gallate is coated onto a paper from aqueous solution and dried. The coating is
yellow. In darkness it is stable for up to three days. It is clamped under glass and a light
transmitting document in a daylight exposure frame, which is similar to a picture frame. The
frame is put out into daylight requiring a minute or two under a bright sun or about ten times
this under an overcast sky. Where ultra-violet light is transmitted the coating converts to a
stable blue or black dye. The image can be seen forming, when a strong image is seen the
frame is brought indoors and the unconverted coating, under the original image, is washed
away. The paper is then dried.
Daisy wheel In 1972 a team at Diablo Systems led by engineer David S. Lee developed the
first commercially successful daisy wheel printer, a device that was faster and more flexible
than IBM's golf-ball devices, being capable of 30 cps (characters per second), whereas
IBM's Selectric operated at 13.4 cps.
Dot matrix A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer is a type of computer printer with a
print head that runs back and forth, or in an up and down motion, on the page and prints by
impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print mechanism
on a typewriter. However, unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of
a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Because the
printing involves mechanical pressure, these printers can create carbon copies and
carbonless copies. Its speed of printing varies from 50 to 500 cps. 1971
Line printer The Computing Tabulating Recording Company, later renamed IBM, introduced
the first tabulating machine with a printer in 1920. Prior to that, tabulator operators had to
write down totals from counter wheels onto tally sheets.[1] IBM developed a series of
accounting machines over the next four decades with improved printing capabilities. The 285
Numeric Printing Tabulator could read 150 cards per minute. The 405, introduced in 1934,
could print at 80 lines per minute. It had 88 type bars, one for each print position, with 43
alphanumeric bars on the left, followed by 45 numeric-only bars.[2][3] The IBM 402 series,
introduced after World War II, had a similar print arrangement and was used by IBM in early
computing devices, including the IBM Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator.
heat transfer Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the
generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy and heat between physical
systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction,
thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers
also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve
heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur
simultaneously in the same system. Through the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, screen
printed heat transfers gained popularity in the plastics molding industry.
inkjet Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that creates a digital image by propelling
droplets of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer, and
range from small inexpensive consumer models to very large professional machines that can
cost tens of thousands of dollars. Siemens invented a popular inkjet printer model in 1977
electrophotography Carlson's innovation combined electrostatic printing with photography,
unlike the dry electrostatic printing process invented by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg in
1778. Carlson's original process was cumbersome, requiring several manual processing
steps with flat plates. It was almost 18 years before a fully automated process was
developed, the key breakthrough being use of a cylindrical drum coated with selenium
instead of a flat plate. This resulted in the first commercial automatic copier, the Xerox 914,
being released by Haloid/Xerox in 1960. Before that year, Carlson had proposed his idea to
more than a dozen companies, but none was interested. Xerography is now used in most
photocopying machines and in laser and LED printers.
Linocut Linocut is a printmaking technique, a variant of woodcut in which a sheet of linoleum
(sometimes mounted on a wooden block) is used for the relief surface. A design is cut into
the linoleum surface with a sharp knife, V-shaped chisel or gouge, with the raised (uncarved)
areas representing a reversal (mirror image) of the parts to show printed. The linoleum sheet
is inked with a roller (called a brayer), and then impressed onto paper or fabric. The actual
printing can be done by hand or with a press.
Although linoleum as a floor covering dates to the 1860s, the linocut printing technique was
used first by the artists of Die Brücke in Germany between 1905–13 where it had been
similarly used for wallpaper printing. They initially described their prints as woodcuts
however, which sounded more respectable.
Lithography As a printing technology, lithography is different from intaglio printing (gravure),
wherein a plate is either engraved, etched, or stippled to score cavities to contain the printing
ink; and woodblock printing, and letterpress printing, wherein ink is applied to the raised
surfaces of letters or images. Most types of books of high-volume text are printed with offset
lithography, the most common form of printing technology. Etymologically, the word
lithography also denotes photolithography, a micro fabrication technique used to make
integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems, as such are more technologically
akin to etching than lithography, printing from a stone plate. invented by Alois Senefelder in
Bohemia in 1796
Serigraphy American entrepreneur, artist and inventor Michael Vasilantone would start to
use, develop, and sell a rotary multicolor garment screen printing machine in 1960.
Vasilantone would later file for patent on his invention in 1967 granted number 3,427,964 on
February 18, 1969. The original rotary machine was manufactured to print logos and team
information on bowling garments but soon directed to the new fad of printing on t-shirts. The
Vasilantone patent was licensed by multiple manufacturers, the resulting production and
boom in printed t-shirts made the rotary garment screen printing machine the most popular
device for screen printing in the industry. Screen printing on garments currently accounts for
over half of the screen printing activity in the United States.
Monotypes The monotype process was invented by Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione (160964), an Italian painter and etcher who was also the first artist to produce brushed sketches
intended as finished and final works of art (rather than as studies for another work). He is the
only Italian to have invented a printmaking technique. He began to make monotypes in the
1640s, normally working from black to white, and produced over twenty surviving ones, over
half of which are set at night (Theseus finding the Arms of his Father, 1643).
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Soft-ground etching
One of the etching processes which aims to simulate the effects
of a chalk or crayon drawing (see: crayon manner). The plate is initially covered with a soft
ground. The drawing is made with a hard crayon on paper which has been pressed to the
surface of the grounded plate; the ground adheres to the back of the paper where the crayon
has left indentations in it, thereby creating an impression on the plate of the crayon marks.
The paper with the attached ground is carefully removed and the plate is bitten. It is possible
to reproduce any kind of texture with this method: textiles, rough papers, netting or leather
can be pressed into a soft ground in a similar fashion. In 18th century France
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Carborundum
A very hard mixture consisting primarily of silicon carbide; it is used as
an abrasive and, in powdered form, in a method of engraving invented by Henri Goetz. He
used it to obtain a dotted effect by sprinkling it over a metal plate (usually duralumin) which
was then pulled through a press, thereby causing the grains to penetrate the metal. invented
in the US during the 1930s
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Mezzotint
The only intaglio technique that proceeds from dark to light rather than the
opposite. The metal plate is totally abraded with an instrument called a rocker. Were it inked
and printed at this point, it would produce an even, rich black. The design, in areas of tone
rather than lines, is produced entirely by smoothing areas of the plate with a scraper or a
burnishing tool. The more scraping and burnishing done, the lighter the area. mezzotint was
invented in the mid-17th century
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Chiaroscuro Woodcut
The design is divided among several blocks, each to print a
different color, with or without overlaps. Those areas cut away in all blocks will not print at all
and thus provide highlights of the natural color of the paper used, the light of the "light-dark"
technique. The blocks must be carefully matched in placement of the design (registration)
and the paper must pass through as many printings as there are blocks. created between
1630 and 1655
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Stencil (Pochoir)
Stencils are an essential part of screenprinting: they are attached to
or incorporated with the screen to ensure that the ink passes through in the correct places.
They can be made in many different forms, e. g. as a simple masking or covering stencil; as
a "wash-out" stencil, which involves drawing the design on the screen in a greasy substance,
then covering the whole screen with filler or gum, and finally dissolving the greasy image in
turns, thereby forming a 1. positive stencil; or as a photo-stencil, whereby photographic
images are incorporated into the screen. 2. Stencils are also used for coloring prints by
hand. Stencils of the areas to be colored are cut out in zinc or aluminum; the colors are
dabbed on with a large brush (known as a pompon in French); they may be juxtaposed or
superimposed over each other. The method was much used in the coloring of maps,
topographical prints and devotional woodcuts. It is still used today for book illustration and on
greeting cards. In Europe, from about 1450