1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
First king of united Persia:
Define Satrap:
Explain the religion of Persia:
What was the urban center of Greece
Hoplite:
Greek military formation and its success:
Invention in Lydia:
Government in Athens:
Government in Sparta:
Compare women in the two Greek cities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Explain the Persian Wars:
Explain the purpose of the Delian League:
What was the real purpose of the Delian
League:
What book did Plato write? What did it
explain?
Alexander the Great was from what empire?
How did he gain power?
Explain Hellenism:
Slaves in Ancient Rome made up to 40% of the
population.
 Asparagus was a highly prized delicacy in
Ancient Rome and was kept frozen in the Alps
for Feasts and Festivals.
 In Ancient Rome, only boys went to school.
The girls stayed at home.

Women dyed their hair with goat fat and beech
wood ashes. Blonde and red were the most
popular colors
 Instead of Soap, Romans used oil and scraped
off the oil with a metal tool
 Romans played board games like chess, checkers
and tic-tac-toe.

Our Planets in the Solar System are well named
after the main Roman Gods
 Roman soldiers, or legionaries, usually covered
roughly eighteen miles per day.
 Only citizens of Rome were allowed to wear a
toga
 Romans used a sponge soaked in salt water, on
the end of a stick as toilet paper


I. Rome’s Mediterranean Empire, 753 BCE – 600 CE
 A. Republic of Farmers, 753-31 BCE
 Rome was ruled first by kings until 507 BCE
 Representatives from senate overthrew and established a
republic
 Government: Rome was ruled by 2 consuls (elected every year!)
and a senate, created law of 12 tables and law of nations
 12 tables were laws applied to Roman citizens
 Law of nations applied to non Roman citizens
 Law of nations created innocent until proven guilty and
allowing accused right to a defense
 Family structure: Roman families lived under the authority of
the oldest male living (paterfamilias)
 Role of Women in Rome: more freedom than Greek women,
subordinate to paterfamilias, some women became
independent after death of their fathers
Roman religion worshipped supernatural gods like
Jupiter and Mars, rituals were performed to ensure
favor with the gods
 http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/roman/index.htm
 B. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean
 Explanations for expansion included greed,
aggressiveness, fear of attack, show military strength
 Conquered all of Italy by 290 BCE and granted all
Roman citizenship
 Gave conquered citizenship and built up their
cities!
 Importance of citizenship: could have better rights
and be a part of a great empire. Cities just had to
pay a tax and provide troops



For most of their length the early aqueducts
were simply channels bored through the rock,
from the water intake in the hills almost to the
distribution cistern in Rome.
Only in the final stretches was theconduit
raised on arches, to give a sufficient head for
distribution of the water within the city.


Many cities still maintain and use the ancient
aqueducts even today, although open channels
have usually been replaced by pipes.
The Romans typically built numerous
aqueducts to serve any large city in their empire,
as well as many small towns and industrial sites.

The aqueducts required very careful planning
before building, especially to determine the
water source to be used, the length of aqueduct
needed and its size. Great skill was needed to
ensure a regular gradient, so that the water
would flow smoothly from its source without
the flow damaging the walls of the channel.

The aqueducts were built from a combination of
stone, brick and the special volcanic cement
pozzuolana. While their visible remains leave a definite
impression, the great bulk of the Roman waterway
system ran below ground. Channels bored through
rock, or dug below the surface carried water where it
was convenient and possible. Of the approximately
260 miles in the aqueduct system, only 30 miles
consisted of the visible, mammoth arched structures.

Maintenance of the water system was a
continuous task, and the Romans assigned a
Curator Aquarum to oversee this undertaking.
Paid laborers, slaves and the legions all had
parts in building parts of the water system. The
Curator Aquarum maintained the aqueducts of
Rome, while similar curators oversaw those in
the provinces.
Three Punic Wars: Roman expansion stretches
across the Med Sea and wants islands off Italy
 First Punic War
 War started in 246 BC when the Romans sent an
army to help some allies in Sicily
 Carthage considered this an act of war because
they believed Sicily to be part of their empire
 Carthage’s powerful navy dominated the fighting
early on
 The Romans were a land power and had to
create their own navy
 The war ended when the Roman navy defeated the
Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily

Second Punic War
 Rome encouraged one of Carthage’s Spanish allies
to revolt and Carthage struck back with the greatest
Carthaginian general, Hannibal
 Hannibal decided to bring war home to the
Romans
 218 BC Hannibal led a well-trained army of
46,000 men and a force of 37 war elephants
across the Pyrenees and the Alps to invade Italy
 216 BC Romans decided to meet Hannibal head on
 Was a disaster for Rome
 Refused to surrender and raised another army
 For many years Hannibal dominated the Italian
countryside
 Defeated one Roman army after another

Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, the Romans
decided on a new strategy
 The Roman army sailed across the
Mediterranean and attacked Carthage
 Carthage was forced to recall Hannibal
 Battle of Zama (202 BC) – Romans defeat
Hannibal’s army
 Carthage lost Spain, which became part of Rome
 Carthage was stripped of its navy
 Rome is now the dominant power on the
Mediterranean

Third Punic War: Romans decide in favor of the
complete destruction of Carthage
 After a siege of three years, Carthage finally fell in
146 BC
 Roman soldiers spent ten days burning and
demolishing buildings
 The entire population was sold into slavery
 Carthage became a Roman province called
Africa

Governors (consuls) only serve one year and want
their name and legacy to be known so they make
drastic changes which leads to instability
 C. Failure of the Republic
 Latifundia and its impact: when military men go off
to fight no one is there to tend their land, large
landowners bought up their land and created large
estates called latifundia
 Therefore there was a decline in soldiers and a
decline in food production for the empire (cash
crops not essential crops)
 Slaves are now driven off farm land and sent to the
cities where they are unemployed creating a divide
between rich and poor

Roman army was so big that it needed to be divided
into legions
 Soldiers would now be devoted to legion leaders
and not to the empire
 D. Roman principate, 31 BCE-330 CE
 Julius Caesar’s grandnephew comes to power
(Octavian) he takes the name Caesar Augustus and
he ruled Rome as a military dictator
 During his reign Egypt, Middle East, and Central
Europe was added to the empire
 Emperors are now chosen by the army and not by
birth
 Roman law was no longer made by the senate as it
had in the republic, now it was made by the
emperor

E. Urban Empire
 Most of the Roman empire was made up of farmers
to sustain the population
 50-60 million people in the empire
 Three largest cities outside of the capital:
Alexandria, Antioch, and Carthage
 Plebeians: roman working class
 lived in crowded apartment buildings where fire
was a constant hazard
 To keep the poor from rebelling against the bad
living conditions, free food and public
entertainment became a major feature of city life
 “Bread and Circuses”

Slavery
 Romans relied the most on slave labor and had the
most slaves
 Large numbers of captured peoples brought back as
slaves
 Slaves built buildings and roads, were used as
tutors, on farms, and as shop assistants
 Patricians: roman wealthy
 usually had a house in the city and one in the
country
 Mostly owned land and dominated the government
positions
 Ones that funded aqueducts, baths, theatres,
gardens, and temples

Pax Romana = Roman Peace
 Age of peace and prosperity
 Started off with the reign of Augustus in 27 BC and
ended with the death of the last Good Emperor,
Marcus Aurelius, in 180 AD
 Stable gov’t, strong legal system, widespread
trade
 Not much war or invasion
 The Roman gov’t was the strongest unifying force in
the empire
 Maintained order and enforced the laws
 Romanization: Latin language, Roman clothing,
Roman lifestyle was spread throughout the empire
 Extension of Roman citizenship to all free adult
inhabitants


Roman gladiatorial combat originated as a
religious event. The Romans claimed that their
tradition of gladiatorial games was adopted
from the Etruscans

These games symbolized the re-enactment of the
Campanians' military success over the
Samnites, in which they were aided by the
Romans. The first Roman gladiatorial games
were held in 246 BCE by Marcus and Decimus
Brutus in honor of their father, Junius Brutus


It was a relatively small affair that included the
combat of three pairs of slaves in the Forum
Boarium
Eventually gladiatorial games reached
spectacular heights in the number of
combatants and their monumental venues.

Gladiators were usually recruited from
criminals, slaves (especially captured fugitives),
and prisoners of war. Criminals, having lost
their citizen rights and slaves and prisoners of
war having none, had no choice about
becoming a gladiator, if they had the physical
and emotional make-up necessary for the
profession

Some free-born men, however, although they
had not lost their citizen rights, voluntarily
chose the profession and bound themselves
body and soul to the owner of a gladiatorial
troupe (lanista) by swearing an oath "to endure
branding, chains, flogging or death by the
sword" and to do whatever the master ordered

When he took the gladiator’s oath, he agreed to be
treated as a slave and suffered the ultimate social
disgrace (infamia). Seneca describes the oath as
"most shameful" (Ep. 37.1-2). As unattractive as
this may sound to us, there were advantages. The
candidate's life took on new meaning. He became
a member of a cohesive group that was known for
its courage, good morale, and absolute fidelity to
its master to the point of death.

The living conditions of gladiators were harsh but, as
profitable investments, they perhaps lived better than
many commoners in terms of food, housing, and
medical attention. New or undisciplined men were
shackled and unattended only in the bathroom, but
trained gladiators were not always bound, imprisoned,
or even confined to barracks
The gladiator was often the object of female
adoration. This is clear in the following graffiti
from Pompeii (CIL 4.4397 and 4356):
 Celadus the Thracian, three times victor and
three times crowned, adored by young girls.


Even women fought as gladiators, although
rarely. Aristocratic women and men fought as
an entertainment for Nero in 63 AD. Domitian
had women fight by torchlight and on another
occasion had women fight with dwarves.
Romans loved these exotic gladiatorial combats.

"The men have no defensive armour. They are
exposed to blows at all points, and no one ever
strikes in vain....There is no helmet or shield to
deflect the weapon. What is the need of defensive
armour, or of skill? All these mean delaying
death....The spectators demand that the slayer
shall face the man who is to slay him in his turn;
and they always reserve the latest conqueror for
another butchering. The outcome of every fight is
death, and the means are fire and sword. This sort
of thing goes on while the arena is empty" (Epistle
VII).

Venationes were usually held in the morning of
game days (but could be offered on their own).
Bestiarii, or combatants trained to fight animals,
were pitted against wild animals from all over the
empire (bullfights and rodeos are the modern
heirs and/or equivalents). The slaughter of wildlife
in these contests was astonishing. Hundreds of
deaths in a day were routine. At the games held by
Trajan when he became Emperor, 9,000 were
killed.

began with an elaborate procession that included
the combatants and was led by the sponsor of the
games, the editor; in Rome during the imperial
period, this usually was the emperor, and in the
provinces it was a high-ranking magistrate. The
parade and subsequent events were often
accompanied by music; the mosaic at right depicts
a water organ and the curved horn

The morning's events might begin with
mock fights such as this contest. These
would be followed by animal displays,
sometimes featuring trained animals that
performed tricks, but more often staged as
hunts (venationes) in which increasingly
exotic animals were pitted against each other
or hunted and killed by bestiarii

The lunch break was devoted to executions
of criminals who had committed
particularly heinous crimes—murder, arson,
sacrilege (the Christians, for example, were
considered to be guilty of sacrilege and
treason, because they refused to participate
in rites of the state religion or to
acknowledge the divinity of the emperor).

In the afternoon came the high point of the
games—individual gladiatorial combats. These were
usually matches between gladiators with different
types of armor and fighting styles, refereed by a
lanista. Although it is popularly believed that these
bouts began with the gladiators saying “Those who
are about to die salute you,” the only evidence for
this phrase is only found in the description of a
naumachia staged by Claudius using condemned
criminal

After lunch, the gladiatorial contest were held.
Originally, gladiators were identified with
ethnic names (e.g., Thracian or Samnite) which
indicated the kind of weaponry they used, not
the actual ethnic identity. In fact, the evidence
suggests gladiators fought hard to resist the
pseudo-ethnic labeling

Samnites (later called secutores) carried oblong
shields and short swords and wore plumed
helmets with visors. Thracians carried small
round shields and curved daggers

Retiarius (“net-and-trident” fighter): Arm protector
(often topped with a high metal shoulder protector),
large net, trident, small dagger, no helmet; the retiarius
was the only type of gladiator whose head and face
were uncovered. Since he wore practically no defensive
armor, the retiarius was more mobile than most
gladiators but was also more vulnerable to serious
wounds

Bestiarius: This was a special type of gladiator
trained to handle and fight all sorts of animals.
The bestiarii were the lowest ranking gladiators;
they did not become as popular or individually
well known as other types of gladiators

F. Rise of Christianity
 Jesus lived in the Roman society and sought to
reform Jewish religious practices
 Traveled around preaching people to repent their
sins and seek God’s forgiveness
 People were to practice humility, mercy, and
charity
 Roman authorities feared a political uprising and
arrested Jesus and sentenced him to death
 Paul of Tarsus believed that God had sent him to
convert non-Jews
Martyrs = people who die for their faith and thus
inspire others to believe
G. Byzantines and Germans
 Roman rule collapses but is culture is preserved in
the Byzantine empire and its capital Constantinople
 Huns and Visigoths from Germany helped destroy
Rome


Fall of Rome
 476
 Many consider this to be the end of the Western
Roman Empire
 Division of the Roman Empire:
 To slow the empire’s decline, emperors Diocletian
and Constantine divided the empire into two parts
 Western Roman Empire – capital at Rome
 Eastern Roman Empire – capital at Byzantium, later
renamed Constantinople
 Lasted another thousand years, becomes known
as the Byzantine Empire

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Explain the Punic Wars and their importance:
Define Latifundia and how it impacts Rome:
Poor working class of Rome:
Wealthy landowning class of Rome:
Pax Romana:
Spread of Roman culture and ideas:
Sent to convert non Jews to Christianity:
Person who dies for their faith:

II. Origins of Imperial China
 A. Resources and Populations
 Agriculture produced wealth and taxes supported
the government
 B. Hierarchy, Obedience, and Belief
 Family was the basic unit of society and ancestors
were an important part of the family and were
routinely consulted and appeased
 Elder male dominated the family
 Status of women depended on their social class:
women of royalty had political influence, women
were expected to be obedient
C. First Chinese empire, 221-207 BCE
 221 BCE Qin dynasty unified all of north and
central China
 Legalism: Believed that human beings are evil by
nature
 Reject Confucius’ idea of leading by virtue
 Instead need harsh laws and punishments to make
sure people stay on the correct path
 A ruler does not need to be compassionate or show
mercy
 People must be kept in line by fear of punishment
 Qin were able to rule with a strong centralized
government, strong bureaucracy, standardized laws,
and coinage, and broke the rule of aristocracy

To secure the borders the Qin dynasty begins to
construct the Great Wall of China
 Qin dynasty required men to serve in the military
and required citizens to work one month a year on
public buildings
 210 BCE Shi Huangdi dies with 7000 clay soldiers!
 206 BCE Qin dynasty fell




http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/
080429-warrior-video-ap.html
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/sp
ecials/photography-specials/behind-theshot/terracotta-warriors-mazzatenta.html
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/reuters/3037terracotta-warriors-exhibit-in-london-video.htm


The terracotta figures, dating from 210 BC,
were discovered in 1974 by several local farmers
near Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China near the
Mausouleum of the First Qin Emperor
construction of this mausoleum began in 246
BC and involved 700,000 workers

The figures include warriors, chariots, horses,
officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians.
Current estimates are that in the three pits
containing the Terracotta Army there were over
8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses
and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which
are still buried in the pits

The terracotta figures are life-like and life-sized.
They vary in height, uniform and hairstyle in
accordance with rank


At that time, the total length of the wall had already
reached 3,107 miles, belonging to different states.
In 221 BC, the Emperor Qin absorbed the other six
states and set up the first unified kingdom in Chinese
history. In order to strengthen his newly born
authority and defend the Huns in the north, he
ordered connecting the walls once built by the other
states as well as adding some sections of his own. Thus
was formed the long Qin's wall which started from the
east of today's Liaoning Province and ended at Lintao,
Gansu Province.




Eleven Garrisons were distributed along the main line
of the wall. The countless walls, fortresses, and watch
towers made the country strongly fortified
More than a million people died building this 3,000
mile section more than 300 people per mile.
Three million people--70 percent of China's
population at the time--was involved in building the
Qin Wall.
The Great Wall's height averages from 15 to 30 feet
high it's width averages from 15 to 25 feet wide with
about a 13-foot wide roadway on top.


Ends at the Qilian Mountains
Jiayu Pass is the western starting point of the
existing Great Wall, which then crosses deserts
and follows mountain ridges for more than five
thousand kilometers until it reaches the sea
coast in eastern Liaoning Province.
D. Long Reign of the Han, 206 BCE-220 CE
 Liu Bang was a peasant who started an uprising that
defeated the Qin dynasty
 Han dynasty relied on a hybrid of Confucius
philosophy with legalistic techniques

Han expanded the empire through Emperor Wu
increasing the power and rule of the Han
 Han and Qin dynasties built extensive road systems
for troops and trade, these roads will eventually
connect all of Asia to Europe
 Silk road and its impact:

Road that linked China to Rome, was 4,000
miles long
 Traded in luxury goods such as silk, spices, teas,
and ivory
 Dangerous due to geography and bandits


Emperor Wu of Han
Brought wealth and access to foreign products
and enabled people to concentrate their efforts
on economic activities best suited to their
regions
 Facilitated the spread of religious traditions
beyond their original homelands
 Facilitated the transmission of disease

As classical empires reduced the costs of longdistance trade, merchants began establishing an
extensive network of trade routes that linked
much of Eurasia and northern Africa
 Collectively, these routes are known as the “Silk
Roads” because high-quality silk from China
was one of the principal commodities
exchanged over the roads



Linked China and the Holy Roman Empire
 The two extreme ends of Eurasia
Started in the Han capital of Chang’an and went west to the Taklamakan
Desert
 There the road split into two main branches that skirted the desert to the
north and south

It continued west and terminated at the
Mediterranean ports of Antioch (in modern Turkey)
and Tyre (in modern Lebanon)
Individual merchants usually did not travel
from one end of Eurasia to the other
 Instead they handled long-distance trade in
stages


Chinese, Parthians, Persians, Indians, Romans, and
others would dominate the caravan or maritime
trade routes within their empire or territory of
influence

Antioch, the western
terminus of the overland Silk
Roads, was an important
center in early Christianity

“Then Barnabas went to
Tarsus to look for Saul, and
when he found him, he
brought him to Antioch. So
for a whole year Barnabas and
Saul met with the church and
taught great numbers of
people. The disciples were
called Christians first at
Antioch.” Acts 11: 25-26
St. Peter’s cave church in
Antioch

Paul began his missionary journeys at Antioch



The Antonine Plague (165-180 A. D.) was a plague of
either smallpox or measles brought back to the Roman
Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the
Near East
 Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was
among the victims
The disease broke out again nine years later and the
Roman historian Dio Cassius reported it caused up to
2,000 deaths a day at Rome
Total deaths have been estimated at five million
Europeans wanted access to those Asian goods
without having to go through the Muslim
middlemen
 They began seeking maritime trade routes
directly to Asia which would largely displace the
Silk Roads


We’ll discuss this in Lesson 26

E. Technology and Trade
 Crossbows and cavalry bring great success to
military
 Watermill: harnessed the power of running water to
turn a grindstone
Chinese were the first to successfully make paper for
everyday use
 Roads enabled fast military movement and supplies
 Most important export in China was silk


F. Decline of the Han Empire
Imperial court had many weak leaders and court
corruption
 Nobles and merchants built up large landholdings
hurting small farmers and reducing revenues for the
empire
 Empire needed more military and hired mercenaries
who did not have loyalty for the empire
 Like Rome the Han needed more military and the
troops are not loyal to the empire
 Dynasty fell in 220 CE


The Han Dynasty’s later years were filled with internal
conflict, as court officials battled with the emperor and the
Taoists. During this time, nomads in the north and near
the Korean Peninsula destroyed the Chinese settlements as
civil war rocked the Han. In the end, the emperors lost
most of their power, and China split into various warring
factions that were eventually transformed into three new
kingdoms. Both the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire
were powerful and impressive. They both fell because of
weak leaders and power hungry individuals. The Han
practice of concubinage led to much violence and strife in
the royal family, causing disunity and internal conflict.
Regents often attempted to seize power. Love of money led
to the precarious situations of Rome’s later emperors, as
soldiers demanded gold for loyalty. In both empires,
corruption of government contributed to the bitterness of
the common people. These two empires could not escape
the corruption of human nature.