SEEDS OF
REVOLUTION
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
THE SEVEN YEARS WAR
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
•
In 1608, he established the French settlement that is now Quebec
City.
•
•
Champlain was the first European to explore and describe
the Great Lakes.
• He formed positive relationships with local Montagnais
and Innu and later with Algonquins and with Hurons, and
agreed to provide assistance in their wars against
the Iroquois.
In 1620, Louis XIII ordered Champlain to cease exploration, return
to Quebec, and devote himself to the administration of the country.
•
•
In every way but formal title, Samuel de Champlain served
as Governor of New France, a title that may have been
formally unavailable to him owing to his non-noble status.
• He established trading companies that sent goods, primarily
fur, to France, and oversaw the growth of New France in
the St. Lawrence River valley until his death in 1635.
Champlain is memorialized as the "Father of New France" and
"Father of Acadia”
THE FRENCH COLONIES
• Established at Quebec - 1608
• Slow growing, autocratic and cold
• All Catholic
• Fur trade dominates economy
• Some farming in Illinois
• Jesuits convert Indians at a rapid pace
• Battles between France and England erupt in to
frontier battles in the New World
• English expansion and French-Indian fur trade networks in the “contested” area
heightened tensions and shifted alliances.
• Colonists were caught in the middle of this conflict.
THE ALBANY CONGRESS OF 1754
First indications that the colonies should unite for
common defense & expansion.
1754 Albany, New York
• Only 7 out of 13 colonies represented.
• Primary purpose was to secure Iroquois loyalty. (Shifting Alliances)
Benjamin Franklin was the leader of the premature
scheme of local control for the colonies.
• Plan of unity was unanimously adopted by delegates but not
by the colonies or England.
• The Iroquois left without an agreement.
JOIN OR DIE
This iconic image would be used twice in early American
history…
•
First, in 1754 to “manage Indian relations” & defend against the French
•
Again, in 1765 urging colonial unity against the English
FRENCH and INDIAN WAR
1754-1763
The war that raged in North America from 1754 to 1763 was
a part of a larger struggle between France and England,
known as the Seven Years War
Who Is Fighting?
FRANCE
Algonquin Indians
Huron Indians
Spain
BRITAIN
Colonists (House of Burgesses)
British
Iroquois
Where Is The Fighting Taking Place?
• Started as a struggle over the Ohio River Valley
• The war began when the English became alarmed at the
Forts being built by the French in the Ohio River
• The French were hoping to link their Canadian and
Mississippi land holdings.
• The first years of the war went terrible for the British and
their American colonies.
• Native American allies began staging raids on frontier farms
from New York to what is now West Virginia
• Warpath of the natives set tone for all future relations.
EDWARD BRADDOCK
• First Commander in Chief of the 13 colonies
• Led the Braddock Expedition into the Ohio
River Valley…
• George Washington was an officer.
• Got worked by the French, Indigenous, and
Canadian Militia!
• Died from a gunshot wound to the chest.
This is not an accurate depiction of death.
MEN IN CHARGE
Edward Braddock
Died
James Abercrombie
Sucked
Jeffery Amherst
Won the “War”
THE CONQUEST OF CANADA
•
•
•
•
William Pitt became British Prime Minister promising to
win the war.
Pitt’s plan called for the conquest of Canada and the
elimination of all French competition from North America.
He committed TONS of resources to the Western Theater,
and consolidated troops against Prussia.
• The British gained more support from the Iroquois
Confederacy and Ohio Indians and committed over
50,000 British and colonial troops to the Canada
campaign.
British forces captured Louisburg, the French forts on
the New York border, Quebec, and Montreal.
The death of General James Wolfe, at the conclusion of the battle in which the British
captured Quebec in 1759, became the subject of American artist Benjamin West’s most
famous painting, which was exhibited to tremendous acclaim in London in 1770.
SOURCE: Benjamin West (1738 –1820), “The Death of General Wolfe,” 1770. Oil on canvas,152.6 x 214.5 cm. Transfer from the Canadian War
Memorials,1921(Gift of the 2nd Duke of Westminster, Eaton Hall,Cheshire,1918). National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
TREATY OF PARIS 1763
The Treaty of Paris marked the end of France as a
power in North America
• England receives Canada and most of Frances
islands east of the Mississippi River, England also
receives Florida from Frances ally Spain
• Spain receives French land West of the Mississippi
River (the Louisiana Territory) as well as the port of
New Orleans
The continent was now divided between Great
Britain and Spain with the Mississippi River marking
the boundary
Huge war debts for both sides.
What Are The Results of the War?
New Boundaries
France lost North American
territory to Britain
-present day Canada
-land east of Mississippi
Britain gains Florida from Spain
Spain gains Louisiana Territory
from France
War Debt
Britain lost large amount of money
debt nearly destroyed English
government
Parliament desperate to recover
money
-tax colonists
The Extras:
Caribbean Slave Trade & India
OUTCOMES OF WAR – FRAMEWORK 3.1 II A
• Great Britain’s Massive debt from the
Seven Year’s War resulted in renewed
efforts to consolidate imperial control
over the colonies.
• Market Control
• Increased Taxation
• Control over Political Institutions
• This will lead to the division that is
loyalty and rebellion amongst colonists
European Claims in North America, 1750 and 1763 As a result of the British victory in the
Seven Years’ War, the map of colonial claims in North America was fundamentally transformed.
PONTIAC’S REBELLION - 1763
• As the French withdraw
both native and colonial
groups attempt to assert
their dominance in the
interior.
• Amherst was brutal
• Gift & Munitions
Restrictions
• Pontiac & The Ottawa
Confederacy
• Fort Pitt, Smallpox &
Scalping
"You will do well to
inoculate the Indians by
means of blankets, as
well as every other
method that can serve to
extirpate this execrable
race."
Massacre of the Indians at Lancaster by the Paxton Boys in 1763
Scot-Irish Colonists on the Penn. Frontier
(Killing of the Conestoga)
MARCH OF THE
PAXTON BOYS
• Though the British military was fighting off indigenous in the frontier,
the colonial leadership was doing little to help.
• Quaker tolerance of the indigenous peoples.
• In 1764, 250 of the Paxton boys marched on Philadelphia to protest
the civil government for not protecting them.
• Many colonists in Philadelphia had been outraged by the massacre of
the Conestoga.
Significance
• A measure of the hostility that had developed between frontiersman and
Indian; many white settlers concluded during Pontiac’s Rebellion that the
races could not live together.
• An early example of regional and social tension. Later American history
would reflect further cases of the strain between the urban and rural, the
haves versus the have-nots and the newcomers against the establishment.
PROCLAMATION OF 1763
After the French threat had been removed English fur
traders and colonists wanted to move west.
In the Proclamation of 1763 the crest of the Appalachian
Mountains were drawn as the temporary western boundary
for the colonies
• This angered many colonists who were already living in the area, or who
have recently purchased land in the area
• These colonists land claims were now not recognized
• Apparently not brought on as a reaction to Pontiac’s Rebellion
The Proclamation of 1763 created friction between the
colonies and England
• Some colonists still went into present day KY & TN
A treaty between the Delaware, Shawnee, and Mingo (western Iroquois) Indians and
Great Britain, July 13, 1765, at the conclusion of the Indian uprising. The Indian chiefs
signed with pictographs symbolizing their clans, each notarized with an official wax seal.
THE LEGACY
The effects of Pontiac's War were long-lasting.
• "The Royal Proclamation," writes historian Colin Calloway, "reflected
the notion that segregation not interaction should characterize Indianwhite relations."
• The Proclamation officially recognized that indigenous people had
certain rights to the lands they occupied, it has been called the Native
Americans' "Bill of Rights“
• The relationship between the Canadian government and First Nations
is traced to the sovereignty established in the Proclamation of 1763
THE AMERICAN SPIRIT
• Read Ch 6 C & D
• Answer Thought Provoker 3 & 4 (pg 129)
• Explain the reasons why 1763 is a turning
point applying to Colonial-British
Relations, Colonial-Native Relations, or
British-Native Relations.
What Are The Results of the War?
Colonial Unity
Colonists angered by taxation
begin to make plans to unify
retain own constitution
governing body to handle
military, Native American
relations, western settlement
Effect on Native Americans
Proclamation of 1763
land west of Appalachian
Mountains reserved for
Native Americans
Proclamation not enforced
Colonists continued to settle
western lands
THE REAL FIRST WORLD WAR AND
THE MAKING OF AMERICA
Philosophical Sides & Article Review Sheet
The Seven Year’s War is the True WW1
CRASHCOURSE