Collection and Analysis of “Successful Practices”
Mushtaq Ahmed Memon
Kitakyushu Office, International Conference Center, 6th Floor, 3-9-30, Asano,
Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu City, JAPAN 802-0001
Tel: +81-82-513-3711 Fax: +81-82-513-3712 Email: mushtaq@iges.or.jp
URL: www.iges.or.jp/ue/index.html, www.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu
2nd Kitakyushu Network Meeting
Weihai (China), 15-17 October 2003
Outline of the Presentation
1.
Purpose of collection and analysis of “successful
practices”
2.
Focal areas under KIN and collected “successful
practices”
3.
Analysis of “successful practices
4.
Conclusions: recommendations and considerations
Section - I
Purpose
Trends of Urbanization
Degree of Urbanization in the Asian and Pacific Region, 1999
Less than 25%
8
Afghanistan (22), Bangladesh (21), Bhutan (7),
Nepal (11),Sri Lanka (23), Cambodia (23),
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (23), Viet Nam (20),
25-50%
11
People’s Republic of China (34), India (28), Kyrgyzstan (40),
Maldives (28), Thailand (34), Pakistan(33), Tajikistan (33),
Turkmenistan (45), Uzbekistan (42), Indonesia (39),
Myanmar (27)
50-75%
9
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (63), Mongolia (63),
Islamic Republic of Iran (64), Kazakhstan(55),
Malaysia (57), Philippines (58), Armenia (70),
Azerbaijan (57), Turkey (74),
75% and above
8
Hong Kong, China (96), Japan (79), Republic of Korea (85),
Brunei Darussalam (72), Singapore (100), Australia (85),
New Zealand (87), Russian Federation (77)
Source: ESCAP 1999
Trends of Urbanization 2
Rate of Urbanization in Asia
and the Pacific, 1995-2030
Components of Urban Growth in
Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2005
Out of 33 world’s largest cities, 27 will be in this region by year 2015
Solid Waste
Municipal and industrial solid waste generation
Solid Waste 2
Disposal methods
Water and Sanitation
Urban water and sanitation coverage
Source: World Bank 1997
Water and Sanitation 2
Water availability and water pollution
Air Quality
Ambient levels for TSP and SO2
Air Quality 2
Ambient levels for NO2 and Regional Share of CO2
Environmental Impact
• Solid waste, including hazardous waste, is responsible for
major health impacts. The water resources are being polluted
and methane emissions contribute towards global warming.
In various cities scattered waste creates havoc and accidents.
• Water related diseases have a major impact on the quality
and quantity of labor and on the health related costs. The
pollution of water sources and saline due to intense water
drawl rates are jeopardizing agricultural and industrial
requirements, in addition to marine and aquatic losses, and
leading towards huge economic losses.
• There are enormous health and socioeconomic losses due to
air pollution. For example, World Bank (1996) estimated that
in Bangkok, Jakarta, and KL, the annual costs from dust and
lead pollution were US$5 billion or about 10% of combined
city income. Furthermore, only in Jakarta, 1,400 premature
deaths, 49,000 emergency room visits, and 600,000 asthma
attacks could be avoided annually, if particulate levels were
to be brought down to WHO standards.
Urban Environmental Management
Means
Issues
Urban
Planning
Institutional
Capacity
Regulatory
Capacity
Technical
Capacity
Financial
Capacity
Solid Waste
Management
Water Supply &
Wastewater
Management
Urban Air
Quality
Management
Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) System
Environmental Issues over Time
Social
Capacity
Capacity for Urban Air Quality Management
1. Assessment of the problem (current or future)
Pollution levels, sources, and the impact
(Monitoring
cause and effect analysis)
2. Planning and implementation of the response
Identification of the responses (options)
Prioritization of the options (short-term & long-term)
Implementation of the options
Social Capacity for Problem Assessment
1. Monitoring and prediction of of pollution/ambient
levels (current or future)
In-house capacity
Linkages with private sector (Industries, etc.) and civil
society (NGOs, Academia)
2. Cause and effect analysis
Pollution sources (Household, Transport, Industries,
etc.)
Health & productivity impact (morbidity and mortality)
Socioeconomic impact (water sources, land values,
visibility, maintenance costs, time savings, leisure, etc.)
Local Capacity for the Response
1. Urban Planning
2. Institutions (formal and informal)
3. Regulatory standards and jurisdiction (CAC and
MBIs)
4. Public Participation (policy making &
implementation)
5. Financial mechanisms (decentralization,
municipal bonds, revolving funds, public-private
partnerships)
6. Appropriate technology
Critical Path Analysis
Challenges
Necessary condition(s)
Essential condition(s)
1.
2.
3.
Zoning and land-use
Titling
Future growth
Regulations &
Institutions
1.
2.
3.
Logical and suitable
Human resources
Jurisdiction & Implementation
Sources
Public
participation
(households,
private sector,
transport,
energy, etc.)
1.
2.
3.
Public awareness
Information systems
Formal & Informal framework
Financial
Mechanisms
1.
2.
Government & donor funding
Economic instruments
(MBIs)
Public-private partnerships
Monitoring
Production
Repair and maintenance
Environment
al Problem
(water pollution/
scarcity, air
pollution, solid
waste,
industrial
pollution, etc)
Urban
Planning
Impact
(quantitative
and qualitative)
Appropriate
Technology
3.
1.
2.
3.
Local Capacity Building Process - 1
Network of stakeholders
Decentralization
• Local Institutions
•Local action plans
•Consultations and suggestions
•Involving private sector and civil society
Training
Mechanisms to
involve stakeholders
• Capacity of
stakeholders
Public awareness campaigns
• Motivating stakeholders to
improve their cooperation and
capacity for UEM
Stakeholder participation
• Assessment: monitoring, identification of polluters, and analysis of the impact
•Response: urban planning, regulations, financial mechanisms, and technology
Local Capacity Building Process - 2
Network of Researcher
Stakeholders for Policy Making
•International
researchers/institutes
•Government officials, NGOs,
Private sector, Community
•Local researchers/institutes
•Bilateral and multilateral agencies
Research Agenda
Existing
challenges:
1. General (for all
Asian cities)
2. Particular (with
specific situation
and characteristics)
for urban water
management
Collection/Analysis
of Successful
Practices
Modifications
(Local
Situation)
•Learning from
Experiences
Existing
technology,
regulations,
financial
mechanism, and
stakeholder
participation
•Transferability (with or
without modifications to
suit local conditions)
Output (Better
Policies/Techniques)
Improvements in:
1. Technology
2. Regulations
3. Institutions
4. Financial mechanisms
5. Stakeholder
participation
Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean
Environment
Support Local Initiatives for Tangible Outputs
“Scan Globally and Reinvent Locally”
• Networking
(Information
sharing among
cities and other
stakeholders)
• Lessons Learnt
(Successful
Practices)
• Pilot activities
(Local Initiatives)
Section - II
Database
Overall Urban Environmental Management
City/Country
Focal Point
Jeju
Restoration of severely polluted and damaged streams
Daegu
Tearing-Down-Walls Campaign
Dalian (China)
Removal and modification of polluting industries
Ho Chi Minh
(Vietnam)
Promotion of cleaner production
Jiangyin (China)
Structural adjustment in urban environmental management
Ningbo (China)
Integrated urban environmental policies
Surabaya
(Indonesia)
Comprehensive Kampung Improvement (Model for
community participation)
Taiyuan (China)
Cleaner production
Yantai (China)
National Model City for Environmental Protection
Zhang Jiagang
(China)
Integrating environment and economy (Three First System)
Zhenjiang (China) Environmental information disclosure system
Municipal Solid Waste Management
City/Country
Focal Point
Nonthaburi
(Thailand)
Community Awareness in Recycling and Solid Waste
Management
Dhaka
(Bangladesh)
Innovation in community-driven composting
Surabaya
(Indonesia)
Integrated sustainable approach to waste
management
Water Supply and Wastewater Management
City/Country
Focal Point
Cartagena
(Colombia)
Public-Private Partnerships in Water and Sanitation
Cordoba
(Argentina)
Public-Private Partnerships in Urban Water
(Concession Contracts)
Johor Bahru
(Malaysia)
Public-Private Partnerships in Bulk Water Supply
Manila
(Philippines)
Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and
Wastewater Treatment
Macao (China)
Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and
Wastewater Treatment
Weihai (China)
Wastewater management
Rongcheng (China) Water management models
Shenzhen (China)
Construction and operation of environmental
infrastructure
Air Quality Management
City/Country
Focal Point
Bangkok (Thailand)
Integrated urban air quality management
Kathmandu (Nepal)
Role of Government, private sector and civic society
in promoting battery operated electric threewheelers in Kathmandu, Nepal
Kitakyushu (Japan)
Coexistance of industry and community
Singapore
De-coupling of urban mobility need from
environmental degradation in Singapore
Singapore
Successful experiences in containing environmental
problems from transportation
Chongqing (China)
SO2 pollution control
Guiyang (China)
Strategies for air pollution control
Lanzhou (China)
Special program on air pollution
United Kingdom
Local air quality management
Section - III
Analysis
Dhaka 1
Features:
• Population and growth rate
• Water and sanitation
6.61 million (5.52%)
80% and 44%
• Solid waste management:
Generation
4750 t/d
Collection
50.3%
Landfill
1540 t/d (Matualil) + 380 t/d (Mirpur)
Illegal dumping 2400 t/d
Recycling
140 t/d (at source) + 290 t/d (scavengers)
Composting
2 t/d by Waste Concerns (NGO)
Dhaka 2
Innovative Composting
•
Objective:
To overcome conventional constraint of compost material,
being used at small scale due to its quality and marketing
beyond the generation limits
•
Methodology:
1.
Agreement with Map Agro Ltd. Bangladesh
2.
To enrich the compost in accordance with the soil and crop
demands and also to market throughout the country
Agreement with a local NGO (PROSHIKA) for organic farming
This NGO buys the compost for organic farming and sells the
products at three outlets in the city
Dhaka 3
Lessons:
• Urban Planning: Primary to final disposal sites and process
• Regulatory: Regulations on solid waste management
including hazardous and industrial waste
• Institutional: Proper human and physical resources
• Financial: Charge system (MBI) to promote proper waste
disposal as well as to cover the costs. However, due to larger
poor community, a good subsidy system (from other sources)
could also be added to cover the costs
• Public participation: Public participation in primary
collection, including segregation for recycling and compost
materials, is very important. Moreover, the awareness to
share the costs for final disposal is also very important to
implement the regulations.
Metro Manila 1
Targets for PPP based concession agreement:
•Non-revenue water to decrease from 56% to 32% in 10 years.
•The one third of service area for the poorest.
•Wastewater program to attain over 80% coverage within 25-year.
•24 hour service (WHO standards) within 10 years
•No increase in real tariff.
•Non-revenue water to decrease from 56% to 32% within 10 years
•$7.5b to be invested to with in 25 years
•Upstream treatment plants to be managed/financed by concessionaires
Water Supply
Gravity (sanitation)
Sewerage (sanitation)
Total (sanitation)
67%
7%
7%
92%
7%
26%
33%
97%
10%
23%
33%
98%
17%
21%
38%
98%
23%
24%
47%
98%
33%
22%
55%
Outcomes:
Metro Manila 2
•The privatization process was highly successful and speedy
•There is no pressure on the public sector funds
•Unaccounted-for-water was reduced considerably
•The crises due to El Nino effect (drought) was managed well
Lessons:
•Urban Planning: Interconnection agreement for two
concessionaires was not resolved
•Regulatory: Regulatory body was not in place
•Institutional: Bulk water rights and trading in MWSS
•Financial: The community sees a sharp increase in tariff;
however, devaluation and high debt for MWSS is a factor.
•Public participation: Public hearing prior to raise the tariffs.
Bangkok 1
Air Quality Management: Transport Sector
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Year
Before 1984
1984
1989
1991
1992
1994
1996
•
•
•
•
Year
Before 1993
1993
1996
1999
Lead content( gm / liter )
0.84
0.45
0.40
premium ULG available
0.15
phase out regular leaded gasoline
phase out premium leaded gasoline
Sulfur content (% by weight)
< 1.0 %
< 0.5 %
< 0.25 %
< 0.05 %
Bangkok 2
Major actions:
• Vapor recovery system by July recovery system by July 2001
• After 1996, annual vehicle inspection for passenger vehicles
(above 7 years old) and motor cycles (above 5 years old)
• Electricity operated sky train for mass transit since 1999
• Sub-way will be operated from 2003 (2004)
• All new gasoline cars to install Catalytic converters
• Most of the taxis and trucks converted to LPG
• All in-use buses and trucks are subjected to inspections during
annual registration renewals
• Penalty on polluter vehicles during surprise inspections
• Public awareness campaigns
• Training of mechanics of repair and maintenance garages
• Monitoring stations for continuous monitoring
Bangkok 3
Lessons:
• Urban Planning: Zoning and land-use, especially for mass
transit system (sub-way, sky trains, and bus lanes)
• Regulatory: Appropriate standards for fuel and vehicles
• Institutional: Clear role of PCD and BMA
• Financial: Economic incentives for cleaner technologies and
fuels, and penalty on the polluters
• Technology: proper monitoring stations and proper vehicle
repair garages
• Public participation: Public campaigns to promote the proper
implementation of the regulations and use of mass transit
system
LAQM in UK 1
• The local air quality management (LAQM)
framework in the UK was initiated by the
Environment Act 1995, Part IV
• Part of national air quality management (NAQS):
policies with respect to the assessment and
management of local air quality
• Air quality regulations 1997 based on the ambient
air quality assessment and management directive
96/62/EC (Daughter Directives of EU)
• First Daughter Directives came into force in 1July
1999, establishing legally binding limits for SO2,
NO2, particles, and lead to be achieved by 2005 and
2010. The proposal on 4th Daughter Directives
(heavy metals and PAHs) were adapted in July 2003
LAQM in UK 2
Pollutant
Concentration1
Measured as
Date to be
achieved
by
16.25 g/m3
running annual mean
31.12.2003
5 g/m3
annual mean
31.12.2010
Authorities in Scotland and NI
3.25 g/m3
running annual mean
31.12.2010
1,3 Butadiene
2.25 g/m3
running annual mean
31.12.2003
Carbon monoxide
10.0 mg/m3
running 8-hour mean
31.12.2003
Lead
0.5 g/m3
0.25 g/m3
annual mean
annual mean
31.12.2004
31.12.2008
Nitrogen dioxide1
200 g/m3 <18 times/year
40 g/m3
1 hour mean
annual mean
31.12.2005
31.12.2005
Particles (PM10) (gravimetric)2
All authorities
50 g/m3 < 35 times/year
40 g/m3
24 hour mean
annual mean
31.12.2004
31.12.2004
Sulphur dioxide
350 g/m3 <24 times/ year
125 g/m3 < 3 times/year
266 g/m3 < 35 times/year
1 hour mean
24 hour mean
15 minute mean
31.12.2004
31.12.2004
31.12.2005
50 g/m3 < 7 times/year
18 g/m3
24 hour mean
annual mean
31.12.2010
31.12.2010
Benzene (All authorities)
Authorities in England and Wales
Particles (PM10) (gravimetric)2
Authorities in Scotland only3
Air Quality Objective
LAQM in UK 3
LAQM in UK 4
Overall Policy Related Lessons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Political will and public will are the most crucial
elements, as hard decisions, having temporary
hardships, should be taken and implemented
Communities can put pressure leading towards
environmental management decision-making
Zoning and infrastructure development are the
fundamentals for improving current and future
environmental quality
Success of public-private partnerships require strong
regulatory setup
Regulations and institutions constitute the basis for
UEM, where a mix of economic and command and
control measures, with clear jurisdiction are required
Appropriate technology should be explored in
accordance to local problems
Recommendations
1.
For overall UEM: the capacity of local
governments should be strengthening through an
active support for national and international
agencies as well as through an active local
stakeholder participation
2.
For SWM: recycling and composting through
segregation at source, and integration of various
informal and formal initiatives/actions are vital
3.
For UWM: involvement of private sector and
communities at various levels of production and
management as well as strengthening the
regulatory role of the government
4.
For UAQM: phasing out of leaded gasoline,
strengthening the local capacity, and a mix
regulatory and economic instruments are vital
Section - IV
Conclusions and Considerations
Conclusions
1. There is no universal recipe, which can
work well for all the cities, or for all times
in the same city
2. There are quite a few good “examples”
those can be transferred with little
modification, including phasing out of
leaded gasoline, segregation of recycling
waste at source and integration of formal
and informal sector, voluntary
agreements to start effective UEM, and
stakeholder participation in decisionmaking and various activities including
provision of the services
3. Try to avoid finding ready-made solutions
without analyzing the local conditions
Future Considerations
The major limitations, so far, for our SP are:
1. Their scope and transferability into local
actions/policies
2. Involvement of local partners in collection and
analysis of “successful practices”
Considerations:
1. Promotion of city-to-city level cooperation for
learning from their experiences
2. Single format to be adapted for SP database with
one section on the transferability, with the
assistance from the local stakeholders
3. There may be some monitoring process to see how
“successful practices” are being transformed into
“local actions/policies”