Chapter 1 Chemistry Basics
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1.1
Chemistry
The Galileo spacecraft
was placed in orbit
around Jupiter to collect
data about the planet and
its moons. Chemistry
helped scientists to study
the geology of distant
objects in the solar
system.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure and Applied Chemistry
How are pure and applied chemistry
related?
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical
knowledge for its own sake.
Applied chemistry is research that is directed
toward a practical goal or application.
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Chemistry
>
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure research can lead directly to an
application, but an application can exist
before research is done to explain how
it works.
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Chemistry
>
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Nylon
In the early 1930’s, Wallace
Carothers produced nylon
while researching cotton and
silk.
A team of scientists and
engineers applied Carothers’s
research to the commercial
production of nylon.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Aspirin
Long before researchers figured out how aspirin
works, people used it to relieve pain, and
doctors prescribed it for patients who were at
risk for a heart attack.
In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block
the production of a group of chemicals that
cause pain and lead to the formation of blood
clots. This is an example of pure research.
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Chemistry
>
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Technology
Technology is the means by which a society
provides its members with those things needed
and desired.
• Technology allows humans to do some
things more quickly or with less effort.
• There are debates about the risks and
benefits of technology.
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Chemistry
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What Is Chemistry?
What Is Chemistry?
Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?
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Chemistry
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What Is Chemistry?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies
space.
Chemistry is the study of the composition of
matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
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Chemistry
>
What Is Chemistry?
Because living and nonliving things are
made of matter, chemistry affects all
aspects of life and most natural events.
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1.1
Chemistry
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Areas of Study
Areas of Study
What are five traditional areas of study
in chemistry?
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Chemistry
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Areas of Study
Five traditional areas of study are
• organic chemistry
• inorganic chemistry
• biochemistry
• analytical chemistry
• physical chemistry
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Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
Organic chemistry is
defined as the study of
all chemicals containing
carbon.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
Inorganic chemistry is
the study of chemicals
that, in general, do not
contain carbon.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
The study of processes that
take place in organisms is
biochemistry.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
Analytical chemistry
is the area of study
that focuses on the
composition of matter.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Areas of Study
Physical chemistry is
the area that deals with
the mechanism, the
rate, and the energy
transfer that occurs
when matter undergoes
a change.
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1.1
Chemistry
>
Why Study Chemistry?
Why Study Chemistry?
What are three general reasons to
study chemistry?
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Chemistry
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Why Study Chemistry?
Chemistry can be useful in explaining
the natural world, preparing people for
career opportunities, and producing
informed citizens.
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Chemistry
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Why Study Chemistry?
Explaining the Natural World
Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural
desire to understand how things work.
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Chemistry
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Why Study Chemistry?
Preparing For a Career
Many careers require knowledge of chemistry. A
photographer uses chemical processes to
control the development of photographs in a
darkroom.
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Chemistry
>
Why Study Chemistry?
Being an Informed Citizen
Knowledge of chemistry
and other sciences can
help you evaluate the data
presented, arrive at an
informed opinion, and take
appropriate action.
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1.1 Section Quiz
Assess students’ understanding
of the concepts in Section 1.1.
Continue to:
-or-
Launch:
Section Quiz
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1.1 Section Quiz
1. Which of these traditional areas of study mostly
involve compounds containing carbon?
(1) organic chemistry
(2) inorganic chemistry
(3) biochemistry
a. (1) and (2)
b. (1) and (3)
c. (2) and (3)
d. (1), (2), and (3)
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1.1 Section Quiz
2. Which phrase best describes applied
chemistry?
a. the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake
b. research that answers a general question
c. addresses fundamental aspects of a
question
d. research directed toward a practical goal
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1.1 Section Quiz
3. Informed citizens are most likely to
a. provide funds for scientific research.
b. determine which areas of research are
valid.
c. decide who is qualified to do research.
d. influence the development of technology.
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Thinking
Like a Scientist
1.3
In 1928, Alexander Fleming
noticed that bacteria he
was studying did not
grow in the presence of a
yellow-green mold. In
1945, Fleming shared a
Nobel Prize for Medicine
with Howard Florey and
Ernst Chain, who led the
team that isolated
penicillin.
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Alchemy
1.3
Alchemy
How did alchemy lay the groundwork for
chemistry?
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Alchemy
1.3
Alchemists developed the tools and
techniques for working with chemicals.
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Alchemy
1.3
a. Alchemists
developed
processes for
separating
mixtures and
purifying
chemicals. They
designed
equipment that is
still in use today
including beakers,
flasks, tongs,
funnels, and the
Mortar and Pestle
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An Experimental
Approach to Science
1.3
An Experimental Approach to Science
How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?
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An Experimental Approach to Science
1.3
Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from
a science of observation to the science of
measurement that it is today.
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An Experimental Approach to Science
1.3
a. Lavoisier designed a balance that could
measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram.
He also showed that oxygen is required for
a material to burn.
Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory
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The 1.3
Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
What are the steps in the scientific method?
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The 1.3
Scientific Method
a. The scientific method is a logical,
systematic approach to the solution of a
scientific problem.
Steps in the scientific method include
making observations, testing
hypotheses, and developing theories.
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The 1.3
Scientific Method
Making Observations
a. When you use your
senses to obtain
information, you
make an
observation.
b. Suppose you try to
turn on a flashlight
and it does not light.
An observation can
lead to a question:
What’s wrong with
the flashlight?
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The 1.3
Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
a. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation
for an observation.
b. You guess that the flashlight needs new
batteries. You can test your hypothesis by
putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the
flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain
that your hypothesis is true.
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The 1.3
Scientific Method
a. An experiment is a procedure that is used
to test a hypothesis. When you design
experiments, you deal with variables, or
factors that can change.
The variable that you change during an
experiment is the manipulated
variable, or independent variable.
The variable that is observed during the
experiment is the responding variable,
or dependent variable.
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The 1.3
Scientific Method
Developing Theories
a. Once a hypothesis meets the test of
repeated experimentation, it may become
a theory.
A theory is a well-tested explanation for a
broad set of observations.
A theory may need to be changed at some
point in the future to explain new
observations or experimental results.
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The 1.3
Scientific Method
Scientific Laws
a. A scientific law is a concise statement
that summarizes the results of many
observations and experiments.
b. A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the
relationship it describes. That explanation
requires a theory.
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The 1.3
Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
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1.3
Collaboration
and Communication
Collaboration and Communication
What role do collaboration and communication
play in science?
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1.3
Collaboration
and Communication
a. No matter how talented the players on a
team, one player cannot ensure victory for
the team. Individuals must collaborate, or
work together, for the good of the team.
When scientists collaborate and
communicate, they increase the
likelihood of a successful outcome.
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1.3
Collaboration
and Communication
Collaboration
a. Scientists choose to collaborate for
different reasons.
Some research problems are so complex
that no one person could have all of the
knowledge, skills, and resources to
solve the problem.
Scientists might conduct research for an
industry in exchange for equipment and
the time to do the research.
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1.3
Collaboration
and Communication
a. Collaboration isn’t always a smooth
process. You will likely work on a team in
the laboratory. If so, you may face some
challenges. But you can also experience
the benefits of collaboration.
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Collaboration
and Communication
Communication
a. Scientists communicate
face to face, by e-mail,
by phone, and at
international
conferences.
b. Scientists publish their
results in scientific
journals. Articles are
published only after
being reviewed by
experts in the author’s
field.
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1.3 Section Quiz.
1. Lavoisier is credited with transforming chemistry
from a science of observation to a science of
a. speculation.
b. measurement.
c. hypotheses.
d. theories.
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1.3 Section Quiz.
2. A hypothesis is
a. information obtained from an experiment.
b. a proposed explanation for observations.
c. a concise statement that summarizes the
results of many of experiments.
d. a thoroughly tested explaination for a
broad set of observations.
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1.3 Section Quiz.
3. Why are articles in scientific journals the most
reliable source of information about new
scientific discoveries?
a. The articles are reviewed by experts in the
author's field.
b. Any article that is submitted is published.
c. Everyone has access to the information.
d. The articles are short and easy to read.
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