AP Biology Study Guide for Unit 7: Body Systems
Ch. 32: Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling
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Anatomy
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Physiology
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Feedback control maintains the internal environment of animals and plants o Regulating vs. conforming animals (warm-blooded/endotherm vs. coldblooded/ectotherm) o Negative feedback vs. positive feedback- be able to explain with examples and identify in an example
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Homeostasis
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Organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral or physiological mechanisms o Ex. Shivering
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Continuity of homeostatic mechanisms shows unity of life
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Endocrine signals trigger homeostatic mechanisms in target tissues o Endocrine system- what does it entail? o Hormones- what are they? o Simple endocrine pathways- be able to describe with an example o Neuroendocrine pathways- how does the nervous system interact with the endocrine system?
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Hypothalamus
 Pituitary gland
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Feedback regulation in endocrine system
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 o Again- know positive and negative feedback
How do hormones have multiple effects?
Endocrine and nervous system interact to help with osmoregulation o Osmoregulation and excretion- what do the words mean? What do they involve? o Osmolarity
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Osmoregulatory mechanisms and challenges o Osmoconformer vs. osmoregulator o Be able to explain how an organism might maintain homeostasis in a particular environment with osmotic challenges (ex. freshwater fish and marine fish)
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Excretory process- filtration, filtrate, reabsorption, secretion
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Nitrogenous waste- why is ammonia toxic?
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In what forms is nitrogenous waste removed? o Ammonia, urea, uric acid- which is the most energy efficient?
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Kidney and excretion
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Alteration of feedback mechanisms can lead to deleterious consequences o Be able to explain with an example
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Ex. ADH and dehydration
Ch. 35: Immune System
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Pathogen
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Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
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Lysozyme
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Phagocytosis
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Innate immunity o Barrier defenses- what can they include?

o Cellular innate defense
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Phagocytosis- what does this entail? What does it look like?
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Examples of immune cells- ex. neutrophil and macrophage
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Natural killer cells o Interferons and complement system o Inflammatory response
 Histamine and cytokines
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Adaptive immunity o T-cells and B-cells o Antigens and epitopes o Antibodies (immunoglobulin- Ig)
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Produced by B cells
 Unique to each antigen o Major histocompatability complex molecule o Antigen recognition by T-cells o Recognition of self o Proliferation of B cells and importance for immune response o Primary immune response and secondary immune response
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Plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates have multiple, nonspecific immune responses o Demonstrate understanding of above by using an example
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Mammals use specific immune responses triggered by natural or artificial agents that disrupt dynamic homeostasis. o Two types of responses: cell-mediated and humoral- what happens in both?
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Cytotoxic T-cells and B cells, helper T-cells
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Active and passive immunization
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Allergies
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Autoimmune diseases o HIV destroys helper T-cells
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Second exposure to antigen has a usually more rapid and enhanced immune response than first
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Immune cells interact by cell-to-cell contact (antigen-presenting cells, helper T-cells and killer Tcells
Nervous System o Neuron o Cell body , axon, dendrites, myelin sheath- what do each do? Be able to identify each structure on diagram o Glial cells- what is their function?
o Schwann cells? o Synapse and synaptic terminals o Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers – what is an example of one? What does the release or lack of release of the signal cause? o Presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell o Structure of neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information o Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons o What charge does a cell have in relation to the external environment?
o Membrane potential and resting potential (do not need to know values!) o Membrane potential and o Na + /K + pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential, how does it work?

o Ion channels o What is concentration of Na + and K + in cell? o Action potential o Gated ion channels o In response to a stimulus, Na + and K + gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. (Voltage-gated ion channels) o Hyperpolarization and depolarization o threshold o Transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapses o Transmission of information results in a response o Response can be stimulatory or inhibitory o Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions- be able to explain with an example. Do not need to recognize different regions or provide specific functions for each part, but need to understand that different regions are responsible for different functions. o Brain and ganglia o How does myelin help a nerve impulse to go quicker?