Effective Public Speaking
Chapter # 2
Basic Tips for Speech
Preparation and Delivery
THE ESSENTIAL STEPS IN PLANNING , PREPARING,
AND PRESENTING A SPEECH
• Selecting the subject
• Narrowing the subject
• Determining the purposes , including
central ideas and claims
• Analyzing the audience and occasion
• Gathering the speech material
• Outlining the speech
• Practicing aloud
SELECTING
THE
SUBJECT
Follow these guidelines while selecting a subject
• Select a subject which you already know something and
can find out more.
• Select topic appropriate to the occasion.
• Select a subject which interest you and your audience.
A topic may interest listeners for one or
more of the following reasons
• It concerns their health , happiness, or security.
• It offers a solution to a recognized problem.
• It is surrounded by controversy
opinion.
or conflict of
• It provides information on a misunderstood
little understood issue.
or
Narrowing the Subject
• A general subject will be of little value until it is
narrowed down to a manageable size.
• Narrowing a subject to more precise speech topic
involves three primary considerations:1. Narrow your subject so you can discuss it
effectively in the time allotted for the speech.
2. Narrow your subject to meet the specific
expectations of your audience .
3. Gauge your subject to the comprehension level
of the audience.
DETERMINING OF PURPOSE
• Once you know what to talk about, the next task is to consider a
series of why questions :• Why this topic?
• Why audience want to listen?
• Why this topic is appropriate to this occasion?
These questions can be answered easily by considering these
four points in sequence: Think about the general purposes that people have in mind when
they speak in public.
 Consider your own specific purpose for speaking.
 Focus on the claim or central idea which you want to
communicate.
 Create a title for the presentation that captures your goals and
tells the audience what your central idea or claim will focus on.
GENERAL PURPOSES OF SPEECHES
• General purposes can be determined by asking your self
these questions: Are you trying to tell them something that they don’t
know but they should ?
 Are you seeking to change how they feel about a social or
political issue ?
 Are you interested in having them do something as a result
of your speech ?
 Do you want them laugh and learn at the same time ?
•
•
•
•
To Inform
To Persuade
To Actuate
To Entertain
To Inform
• The general purpose of speech to inform, help listeners to
understand idea, concept or to widen their range of
knowledge.
• To Persuade or To Actuate
• The purpose of speech to Persuade or to Actuate is to
influence listeners’– whether to adopt a new point of view
or to take a course of action.
• To influence or alter your listeners’ beliefs and actions ,
you need to present well-ordered arguments that are
supported by facts, figures examples , and expert opinions.
• To Entertain
• To entertain , amuse , or provide other enjoyment for
listeners is frequently the general purpose of speech.
Specific Purposes
• A specific purpose focuses audience attention on
the particular goal of your presentation.
• You may have more than one specific purposes for
a speech ( clearly expressed and hidden one)
• Specific purposes may be short term as well as
long term.
Central Idea and Claims
• If you declare statement which summarize your
speech for example :- “ This institution is taking
specific steps to promote education in Afghanistan
” this sentence is called central idea.
• “This institution should take specific steps to
promote education in Afghanistan ” is a claim.
Analyzing The Audience & the
Occasion
 You need to analyze the people that compose your
audience, their age range , gender , culture , background
, and fears.
 The audience knowledge of and attitude towards you.
 The audience knowledge of and attitude towards the
topic.
 Are there specific rules or customs that you need to know
and follow.
Gathering of the Speech Materials
• You need to do these things:• Assess what information you think is needed in
order to accomplish your objectives.
• Reflect on what you already know.
• Figure out what is relevant to your central idea
and claim.
• Investigate where additional information can be
found , if necessary.
• Obtain the additional information.
Outlining the Speech
• While outlining follow these rules:• Arrange your main ideas in a clear and systematic
order
• Arrange the sub points under each Main idea in a
manner that clearly illustrate their connection to
the main point.
• Preserve (maintain) the unity of your speech by
making sure that each point , whether a main
point or a sub point, is directly related to your
specific purpose and central idea or claim
Practicing Aloud
• Practice alone or with friends aloud.
• Record your speech then listen and watch it.
• Also criticize your own speech by assessment.
Selecting the Method of Presentation
• The most important thing is the selection of
method for presenting your speech. Your choice
should be based on several criteria:
• Type of speaking occasion
• The seriousness and purpose of your speech
• Audience analysis
• Your own weaknesses and strengths as a speaker
• The Impromptu Speech :• A speech done or said without earlier planning or
preparation.
• In this method try to focus on a single idea , carefully
relating all significant details to it.
• The Memorized Speech:• It is written out , word for word , and committed to
memory.
• This type of speech is good for drama, speeches in a
Shakespearean play but not suitable for general purposes.
• The Read Speech:• It is also like the memorized one but in this method, a
reader reads from a manuscript.
• For examples President Speech.
• The Extemporaneous Speech:• Representing a middle course between the memorized,
read and the impromptu speech ,the extemporaneous
speech requires careful planning and a good outline.
• For example book writing.
Communicating Self-Confidence
• Many students ready to give their first speech ask:• How should I deliver my speech?
• How can I communicate a sense of self-confidence to an
audience ?
Answer of these questions can be found by:A. Be Yourself
B. Look at your listeners
C. Communicate with your body as well as your voice.
Learning to Evaluate Speeches
• The classroom is like a laboratory for studying
and evaluating speech content and delivery.
• The evaluation form is designed to help sharpen
your critical listening skills as well as sensitivity to
the fundamentals of the speechmaking process.
Evaluation Form
• Name :• Occasion :• Topic:-
Date:Speech length :-
• Introduction (15 points)
• Gained Audience’s Attention.
• Established credibility and goodwill.
• Nature of the topic as central idea and claim
•
points:-_____
•
•
•
•
BODY(40 points)
Clearly identified main points.
Developed each main point with appropriate materials.
Developed topic appropriately for this occasion and
audience.
•
•
•
•
Arranged ideas logically .
Provided appropriate support (examples , opinions)
Related to and included audience.
Made appropriate use of visual aids
points:___
• Conclusion (15 points)
• Prepared audience for end.
• Reinforced central idea or claim in appropriate manner.
• Presentation and Delivery (20 points)
• Enthusiasm for subject .
• Gestures / movements appropriate.
• Facial expressions appropriate.
•
•
•
•
Eye contact appropriate.
Pronunciation clear and accurate.
Vocal variety
Fluent expression
Points:-____
• Overall Evaluation(10 points)
Points:-____
Total points ___/100