Motivation and Emotion
Motivation
• A need or desire that energizes behavior and
directs it towards a goal
Watch this!!!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2XLoQ1x
YB0
Motivation
• Instinct Theory: we
are motivated by our
inborn automated
behaviors.
• But instincts only
explain why we do a
small fraction of our
behaviors.
Drive Reduction Theory
• Our behavior is
motivated by
BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
• Wants to maintain
homeostasis:Biological
and Cognitive
• When we are not, we
have a need that
creates a drive.
• Primary versus
Secondary drives
Arousal Theory
• We are
motivated to
seek an optimum
level of arousal.
• Yerkes-Dodson
Law
Yerkes-Dodson Law
• The Yerkes-Dodson Law
says we perform best
under the optimal
amount of arousal. (Like
Goldilocks)
• Not too much, not too
little.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Abraham Maslow said
we are motivated by
needs, and all needs
are not created equal.
• We are driven to
satisfy the lower
level needs first.
Transcendence
• To strive for meaning
and purpose
• Go beyond self
Motivation of HUNGER
Biological Basis of Hunger
• Hunger does NOT
come from our
stomach.
It comes from our…
• Brain
What part of the
brain?
• The Hypothalamus
Body Chemistry
• Glucose
• The hormone insulin
(produced by
pancreas)converts
glucose to fat.
• When glucose levels
drop- hunger increases
brain recognizes this
you may not.
• Create homeostasis
Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus
• When stimulated it makes
you hungry.
• When lesioned (destroyed)
you will never be hungry
again.
•
Larger Hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
• When stimulated you feel
full.
• When lesioned you will never
feel full again.
• Very Minute Hunger
Appetite Hormones
• Orexin- triggers hunger
• Ghrelin- a hunger
arousing harmonesecreted by a hungry
stomach- gastro bypass
surgery causes less
ghrelin to be producedless hungry
• Obesatin- suppresses
hunger, sends out a fullness
signal
• PYY- secreted by digestive
tract- informs brain that you
are not hungry – drug to
suppress appetite – artificial
PYY
• Leptin-secreted by fat cellscauses brain to increase
metabolism- decrease
hunger
Set Point Theory
• The hypothalamus
acts like a thermostat.
• Wants to maintain a
stable weight.
• Activate the lateral
when you diet and
activate the
ventromedial when you
start to gain weight.
• Leptin theory
Settling Point
• A low steady gain of
weight changes set
point
• Settling point- level at
which a person’s weight
settles in response to
caloric intake and
expenditure
• Environment and
biology a factor
• Psychological factors
drive our hunger
• Environmental factors
drive hunger
Psychological Aspects of Hunger
• Internals versus
Externals –
Environment
• The Garcia Effect
Preferences
• Stressed out eat carbs- boosts
serotonin- which calms us
• Sweet and Salty – genetic and
universal- too much salt is
conditioned
• Supertasters – more taste buds
more women than men
• Tastes are adaptive- hot sauce
• Neophobia - dislike of things
unfamiliar protected ancestors
carries onto us today.
Culture and Hunger
Dog
Mice Wine
Fried Frog Legs
Criadillas- bull testicles.
Ecology of Eating
• Eating controlled by situations
• Eat more when with others
• Social facilitation- our behaviors are amplified
when with others
• Unit bias affects eating- size of the portions.
Americans typically have much larger portions
than the French
• Lose weight use smaller bowls
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
• Characterized by binging
(eating large amounts of
food) and purging (getting rid
of the food,laxatives).
• Characterized by overexercising,
• Suffer anxiety and
depression (after purges)
• Weight fluctuates- easy to
hide
• Binge-eating disorderovereat but do not purgeremorseful
Anorexia Nervosa
• Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body
weight.
• See themselves as fat.
• Vast majority are women.
• If under 450 calories metabolism slows – slow loss of weight
Explanation
• Not necessarily a sign of
sexual abuse
• Family life:
• Mother’s obsessed with
weight
• Bulimia patients may have
been obese children,
negative image
• Anorexia patient families
competitive, high-achieving,
protective
• Genetic: twin studieslooking for the gene
• Cultural and Gender
causes: media, “Fat is
bad” culture
Video Clip “Thin”
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fF0lAlo80f
U
Obesity
• Severely overweight to the
point where it causes health
issues.
• Mostly eating habits but
some people are predisposed
towards obesity. Genetic link
• Fat Cells= Adipose Tissue
• Require less food to maintain
weight – Lower metabolism
Click on the pictures to see
some case studies on obesity.
Fat: The Good , the bad and the
Ugly
• Fat is necessary
• Allows menstruation
• Ideal form of stored
energy in case of famine
• Brain processing
• Promotes neural growth
in babies
• Needed to start puberty
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Too Much:
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Cancer
Arthritis
DEATH
Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of
either one's own gender or the other gender.
How is Sexual Orientation
Determined
• There has been NO
evidence that sexuality is
socially determined.
• Kids raised by gay
parents are no more
likely to be gay that if
they were raised by
hetero parents.
• This it is likely
biologically determined.
The Brain
• Simon LeVay
discovered that there
is a cluster of cells in
the hypothalamus that
is larger in
heterosexual men than
in heterosexual women
or homosexual men.
Prenatal Environment
• Current research
seems to point to
the hormonal levels
in the prenatal
environment.
• Researchers have
created homosexual
male fruit flies and
lesbian sheep!!!
Fraternal Birth Order
• Men who have older
brothers are more likely
to be gay
• FBO suggests that it is a
defensive maternal
immune response to
foreign substances
produced by male
fetuses.
• . May prevent the fetus
from developing a
typical male pattern
• Older brothers with the
same mother
• Not found among
sisters
60 Minutes Sexual Orientation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5vrNYA_
nik
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5QYVe0mJY
Need to Belong
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z365iujWk8
• Humans are social animals
• Alfred Adler believed humans have an “urge
to community”
• Roy Beumeister and Mark Leary have evidence
for this “deep need to belong”
Ideas for Belonging
• Evolutionary: helped with survival rate- keep
children close by
• Also helped with fighting: predators, enemies
• The need to belong helped with reproduction
Wanting to belong
• Need to belong is deeper than the need for wealth
• The balance of belonging, autonomy and
and competence create a sense of well-being
Ostracism is to experience real pain. With cyber-ostracism
elicits activity in the anterior cingulate of the brain which is also
activated with physical pain
Acceptance may alleviate much of our violence
Spot the Fake Smile
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/m
ind/surveys/smiles/
Three theories of emotion Unit 8B
•
•
•
•
Emotions a mix of 3 things:
Physiological Heart Racing
Expressive- Running, punch
Consciously experienced thought – I am being
chased
But which came first?
• Arousal or emotional experience?
• Does cognition always precede emotion?
• As always psychology has several theories to
explain emotions
• Here we go!!!
Emotion
• Willam James and Carl
Lange came up with the
James-Lange Theory
of Emotion.
• We feel emotion
because of biological
changes caused by
stress.
• The body changes and
our mind recognizes the
feeling.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
• Willam James and Carl
Lange came up with the
James-Lange Theory
of Emotion.
• Based on our autonomic
nervous system
• The body changes and
our mind interprets
those changes as
emotion.
• “I’m afraid because I
run”
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• Say James-Lange theory
is full of wrong.
• How can that be true if
similar physiological
changes correspond with
drastically different
emotional states.
• The physiological change
and cognitive awareness
must occur
simultaneously.
• They believed it was the
thalamus that helped
this happen.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• The
physiological
change and
cognitive
awareness
must occur
simultaneously.
• They believed
it was the
thalamus that
helped this
happen.
Think – 2 cannons firing at the same
time.
Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)
Cognitive awareness
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
• Stanley Schachter explains
emotions more completely
than the other two
theories.
• They happen at the same
time but…
• Emotion is processed in the
autonomic nervous system
AND the cerebral cortex
(conscious thought)
• Includes cognitive appraisal
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
• Stanley Schachter explains emotions
more completely that the other two
theories.
• They happen at the same time but…
• People who are already
physiologically aroused experience
more intense emotions than
unaroused people when both groups
are exposed to the same stimuli.
• Biology and Cognition interact with
each other to increase the
experience.
• If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at
60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart
racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says
you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of
“fun”
Everyone say it loud
Schacter – Two
Factor
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQBy8nr
sriM&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=6
6&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode
=1&safe=active
Link between your emotional arousal and autonomic nervous
system
• ANS mobilizes your body to action and calms it when the crisis has passed
• Sympathetic system tells your adrenal glands to release epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine ( noradrenaline)
• Liver pours sugar into blood stream> to burn sugar your respiration
increases for oxygen>heart rate and blood pressure increase diverts blood
to muscles> digestion slows> pupils dilate
• Crisis over= PNS calms you but not immediately some hormones linger
Arousal is adaptive
• Too much arousal taxes the body- stress
• Too little arousal can be disruptive- Sleepy
Emotions and Your Body
Figure 8B.2 Emotional arousal Like a crisis control center, the autonomic nervous system arouses
the body in a crisis and calms it when danger passes.
© 2011 by Worth Publishers
Emotions with similarities
• Anger
• Fear
• sexual arousal
• Can you match the
pictures with the
emotion?
Emotions with different
physiological differences
• Angry faces show activity in amygdala- the
emotional control center in the limbic system
• Negative emotions linked to right hemisphere
• Positive ones to the left hemisphere and
frontal lobe activity
• Supports James- Lange Theory
• Emotions also involve cognition- supporting
Canon Bard’s Theory
Cognition and Emotion: Can we separate what
we think and how we feel?
• Emotions a part of thinking or do we become
what we think
• Arousal response can spill over into our
response to the next event
• Spillover Effect - Schacter and Jerome an
emotion from one event can spillover to
another event- angry over a team losing – the
anger can spillover into the streets or become
passion
Cognition does not always precede
emotion
• “Low road effect” react • Easy for our feelings to
before you fully know
hijack our thinking
the situation
• Richard Lazarus -brains
• Brains react and process
react to large amounts
to large amounts of
of information without
information without our
our conscious
conscious awareness.
awareness
Neural pathways bypass • Much of our life
the cortex (thinking
operates on the low
brain)
road
Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally
presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed
higher levels of activity in the amygdala
(Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College, www.whalenlab.info
58
Figure 8B.6 The brain’s shortcut for emotions In the two-track brain, sensory input may be routed
(a) directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction or (b) to the cortex for
analysis.
© 2011 by Worth Publishers
Emotional Brains influences our
choices
• Emotions such as love and hate influenced by
memories, expectations and interpretations
• Highly emotional people personalize events as
directed toward them
• Tend to blow an event out of proportion
Expressed Emotions
• Nonverbal language
• A handshake conveys a message
• Experience helps us to be sensitive to certain
emotions: abused children can spot anger
quicker than non-abused children
• Texts etc. allow people to judge others solely
on their words- no nuances like sarcasm
Paul Ekman – basis for Lie to Me
• Paul Ekman studied emotions and facial expressions and
found there are universal facial expressions. Lying and disgust
are the same in the USA and Japan.
• However, the display rules are different for collectivist
cultures than individualist cultures. Chinese are not
encouraged to display anger like Americans are.
62
Emotional Expression and
Culture
When culturally diverse people were shown six
basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at
recognizing them (Paul Ekman 1989).
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion
63
Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt. Even blind children display these
facial expressions.
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
64
Cultural & Gender Differences
1.
2.
Boys respond to anger by moving away from that
situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to
music.
The expression of anger is more encouraged in
individualistic cultures (USA) than in cultures that do
promote group behavior (China, Japan)
Wolfgang Kaehler
65
Gender and Emotion
• Women generally surpass
men in in reading people’s
emotional cues
• Women have greater
emotional literacy – can use
words
• Women tend to be more
emotionally responsive –
open to feelings
• Anger associated
with men
• Women describe
themselves as
empathetic
Effects of Facial expressions
• Facial biofeedback- look
angry will feel angry
• Happy- Happy
• ETC.
Fear
Learned Fear
• Alarm system that tells our
body to fight or flee
• Fearful of many thingstruth, death etc.
• Learned by observation
• Evolutionary
Biology
• The amygdala associates different
emotions, fear, with certain
situations
• Suffer damage to hippocampus
(memory)will still show fear but
do not know why
• Damage to amygdala no fear
• Experience and genes shape our
fears
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx0z9FjxP
-Y&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=37
Anger
Short madness
• Anger is physically harmfulheart disease
• Expressing anger is
culturally
• Individualized cultures
encourage it
• Interdependent cultures do
not – threat to group
harmony
Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves
an emotional release or “catharsis.”
Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through
reinforcement it is habit-forming.
71
HAPPINESS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Benefits of happiness:
See the world as safer
Feel more confident
Make decisions easily
Cooperative
Tolerant
healthier
• Happiness does not just
feel good it does good
• Feel-good , do-good
phenomenon
• A new positive
psychology is on the
rise- focus on the
positive not negative
• We overestimate the duration of our emotions
and underestimate our capacity to adapt
Figure 8B.18 Moods across the day When psychologist David Watson (2000) sampled nearly
4500 mood reports from 150 people, he found this pattern of variation from the average levels of
positive and negative emotions.
© 2011 by Worth Publishers
Money Buys Happiness? NOT
• Once basic needs are met
more money matters less
• Diminishing returns
phenomenon
• More money increases
happiness in low income
countries but diminishes as
income rises
• Could it be that happiness
produces greater incomes
Adaption and Comparison
• Adaption-level phenomenon – tendency to
form judgments relative to a neutral level
defined by our prior experience.
• Ex: get a raise > really happy> adapt to this
increase in money> now need another raise to
feel happy again
• Think of first cell phone, Ipod etc
Yea but he has a new car syndrome
• Happiness is relative to our past experiences but also
to in comparison to others
• Relative deprivation- we are worse off than others
with whom we compare ourselves
• You get $2 million a year to play ball but a friend gets
$4 million
• Once Bill gains a comfortable life. He is happy for a
while until he compares himself to others who are
better off
Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy
than others?
78