THE
ANIMAL
KINGDOM
Under the Sea
These Ain’t ANIMALS!
• Any plants or prokaryotes.
• Any Protists like:
– Diatoms and Foraminifera and other stuff like
that
– Algae and Kelp
– Dinoflagellates and Zooxanthellae
– Amoebas
– Radiolarians, etc
PORIFERA
“pore bearing”
sponges
asymmetry
Porifera
• All sponges are suspension feeders, they
feed on passing plankton and tiny organic
particles
• They have no real tissue, they just have
different special cells working together
• No digestive system or skeleton, just
specialized cells
CNIDARIA
“stinging cells”
coral, jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra
radial symmetry
Cnidaria
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1. There are 2 types of Cnidaria structure: polyps and medusas
2. There are 3 major classes of Cnidarians:
a. Hydrozoa- hydras
b. Scyphozoa- Jellyfish
c. Anthozoa- Sea Anemones and Coral
3. They have radial symmetry.
4. There are no organs, only tissues.
5. They have 2 layers:
a. epidermis- outer
b. gastrodermis- inner
c. mesoglea- jelly between the layers
Cnidaria
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6. They have a simple gastric cavity called a coelenteron.
7. They contain specialized cells for feeding and defense called “stinging cells”, or cnidocytes.
8. Cnidocytes contain a capsule that has a “stinging structure “ called a nematocyst. It is
released due to chemical or tactile stimulus. They are only used once, then replaced. They are
found along the tentacles.
9. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) are suspension feeders. Mucus under the umbrella traps plankton,
arms stuff prey into mouth, 2 way digestive system
10. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) have primitive nervous systems (nerve net).
11. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) have 2 separate sexes. Fertilize externally. Sperm and eggs are
released into the water.
12. Sea Anemones, and Corals (Anthozoa) have a hollow body tube.
Cnidaria
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18. Corals live in colonies. These colonies secrete skeletons.
19. Coral skeletons are made of calcium carbonate. Some are hard, and some are soft and
flexible.
20. A Coral reef is built by millions of Coral polyps. The Coral extract Calcium Carbonate
from the sea water and deposit it as a hard skeleton.
21. Coral Reefs are usually found in warm, sunlit, clear tropical waters.
22. Soft Corals have a fleshy mass of tissue that connect all of the soft polyps together in a
colony. The soft, flexible skeleton is secreted by tissue cells.
23. Corals carry out a mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae (microscopic organisms).
These make food for the Coral by photosynthesis, they in return get to absorb the coral wastes
(CO2, N, P). Without the zooxanthellae the Coral polyp could not absorb CO2 from the water
to make limestone or calcium carbonate.
Cnidaria
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13. Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoa) are sessile. Live attached to hard
substrate.
14. Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoa) have stinging tentacles that sting and trap
food (mostly plankton). The tentacle are covered by cnidocytes.
15. They reproduce asexually:
a. regeneration (like Echinodermata)
b. budding (like Porifera)
16. Some Sea Anemones have symbiotic relationships with other organisms:
Clownfish and shrimp.
17. Some Sea Anemones are burrowing. They can dig into and under the sand to
escape predators.
Biologically
Immortal
WORM PHYLA
1. PLATYHELMINTHES
2. NEMATODA
3. ANNELIDA
PLATYHELMINTHES
“flat worms”
planaria, tapeworm, fluke
bilateral symmetry
Platyhelmithes
• Most primitive organism with a Central
Nervous System
NEMATODA
“round worm”
hookworm,
heartworm
bilateral symmetry
Roundworms (Nematoda)
• They are EVERYWHERE! Land and Water
• Many are parasites, and nearly every
chordate can be parasitized by some species
of roundworm
• Absolutely disgusting. Just google
“roundworms” and you will see what I
mean. Hear is a taste…
Possible
digestive
tract of an
infected
fish
ANNELIDA
“segmented worms”
clamworm, bloodworm, leech
bilateral symmetry
Annelida
• Most evolutionarily advanced
• Each segment of the annelid has its own
circulatory, excretory, nervous, muscular, and
reproductive system
• The class Polychaeta is the largest and most
diverse class of annelids
• Some are “Christmas Tree Worms”, which live in
calcareous tubes and have bristle-like projections
ARTHROPODA
“jointed legs”
lobster, crab, barnacle
bilateral symmetry
Athropods
• THE MOST SUCCESSFUL PHYLUM OF
ANIMAL ON EARTH!
• More than a million species are known
• Krill, an arthropod, has the greatest biomass
of any species on Earth
• 3 important physical features: Exoskeleton,
Striated muscle, Articulation
Arthropods
• Exoskeleton: strong, lightweight, formfitting, for protection and support. Made of
a tough, nitrogen-rich carbohydrate called
Chitin. This is sometimes strengthened by
CaCO3
• Articulation: the ability to bend its
appendages at specific points (joints=arthro)
Arthropods
• Molting: how an arthropod grows WATCH
– Giant Spider Crab Molting Super Speed
•The class Crustacea includes 30,000 species, mostly marine,
gill-breathing lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, water fleas,
copepods, krill, barnacles, etc.
•70% OF ALL ZOOPLANKTON are copepods, which graze
in dinoflagellates and diatoms
•The largest Crustacean is the Japanese Giant Spider Crab. It
can grow to a leg span of 13 feet, ~40 lbs, and can live for 100
years max. They are found in the deep waters off the coast of,
well, Japan.
MOLLUSCA
snail, octopus, clam
bilateral symmetry
Mullusca
• 3 Important Classes: Gastropoda which
means stomach-foot, aka the snails, Bivalva
which means two doors, aka the bivalves
like clams, oysters, and mussels, and
Cephalopoda which means head-foot, aka
nautiluses, octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid.
• I’m going to go in detail with pictures
because they are important.
GASTROPODA
Snail
Nudibranches
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda
ECHINODERMATA
“spiny skin”
sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar
radial symmetry
Echinodermata
• 4 Fameous Classes: Asteriodea- sea stars, Ophiuroideabrittle stars, Echinoidea-sea urchins and sand dollars, and
Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers
• Asteriodea have the all important Water Vascular System
(see picture)
• Echinoderms can regenerate missing limbs, arms, spines even intestines (for example sea cucumbers). Some brittle
stars and sea stars can reproduce asexually by breaking a
ray or arm or by deliberately splitting the body in half.
Each half then becomes a whole new animal.
That weird 3-toothed
thing in the middle is
the aristotle’s lantern,
which grinds to help
the urchin eat stuff like
Kelp
CORDATES
vertebrates
fish,birds,mammals,reptiles
bilateral symmetry
Chordata (Marine Division)
• Since I already presented on Cetaceans, the
chordate mammals of the sea, this will be
about the non-mammalian stuff
• All are ectotherms (cold blooded)
• Super diverse, from simple to highly
evoloved
• 3 Fish Classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes,
and Osteichthyes
Agnatha
• Hagfish and Lampreys- the weird,
disgusting odd balls of the fishes
• a=lacking, gnathos=jaw: they lack jaws
• Hagfish’s defense is excreting tons of slime.
They are carnivores too.
• Lampreys have freakish teeth and suck the
blood of fish and humans that swim in
infested waters.
Chondrichthyes
• Cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays,
skates, and chimaeras.
• Have been around for at least 280,000,000
years
• What do they have in common?
– Cartilage= a flexible and resiliant connective
tissue that contains no blood vessels
Chondrichthyes
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Sharks- 2nd largest living
vertabretes
No swim bladder, so they must
move to stay buoyant
Predators
Skin=dermal dentricles, tooth like
scales on the skin for aerodynamics
Only 20% of sharks are longer than
6 feet
The largest shark is the whale
shark, which lives in warm water
and is a filter feeder. It can reach
60 ft and 90,000 lbs
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Rays and Skates- Flattened
apperance with spreading pectoral
fins in the shape of a triangle
No swim bladder
Rays and skates have very smooth
skin
One family of rays has the famous
barb on its tail, another family can
reach 22 feet across
This of course is the Manta Ray,
which can reach nearly 2 tons!
Large rays feed on plankton
Small rays feed on small mollusks
and arthropods
Chimaera
Osteichthyes
• Osteum=bone, ichthyes=fish, so these are BONY FISH
• The most numerous fish
• Fish have problems though: Seawater is dense and takes
water out of the fishes body through osmosis
• Every fish has come up with a method to cope with the
difficulties.
• The largest order of fish under class Osteichthyes is
Teleostei, which contains 90% of all bony fish, including
cod, tuna, perch, etc.
Teleostei
• Largest class
• Contains all fish with swim bladders to keep
neutrally buoyant and independantly
movable fins for well controlled swimming
and communication.
• Some 77 million tons of bony fish are taken
form the sea each year
Breathing
Osmoregulation
Lateral Line System
Lateral Line System
• Canals formed in the shape of a line running down the fish
• Rich with nerves under the surface
• Reports to the nervous system changes in: direction, water
pressure, and environment
• Predatory sharks use this along with the Ampullae of
Lorenzini to detect prey
• The Ampullae of Lorenzini are special
sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network
of jelly-filled pores. This is some times called the sharks
6th sense.
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Phylums That Are Not As Important
• Placozoa- Amoeba-like
Multi cellular animals
• Mesozoa-Worm-like
parisites of
cephalopods
• Ctenophora- comb
jellies, round and
gelatinous predatory
things
• Nemertea-Ribbon
worms
• Gnathostomulidamicroscopic, ciliated
things that live in the
sand
• Rotifera-Roterifers:
largely freshwater
zooplankton
Phylums That Are Not As Important
• Kinoryncha-small
segmented spiny
wormlike things, all live
in the sea in the sand
• Acanthocephala-spiny
headed worms, all
parasites
• Entoprocta-polyp-like
benthic suspension
feeders
• Bryozoa-encrusting
marine things, common
• Phorida- shallow water
tube worms
• Brachiopoda- type of
bivalve, look like clams,
rare
• Hemichordata-Acorn
worms, unsegmented
burrowers
Phylums That Are Not As Important
• Priapulida-rare subtidal
worm things
• Sipuncula- peanut
worms, all marine
• Echiura- spoon worms
• Tardigrada- “water
bears”, waaaaay more
hardcore than
cockroaches. Can survive
outer space
• Pentastoma-Tongue
Worms, parasites of
vertebrates
• Pogonophora- Beard
worms, no digestive
system, deep water tube
worms, all marine
• Chaetognathaarrowworms, stiffbodied plankton