TEAM 7: ITALY
By: Thomas Ennemoser, Brittany
Rose, Stewart Oneal, Shawn
Johnson, George Garcia, Kevin
Nairn, Brady Bell, Cody McCabe,
and Jacob Hinds
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From Hofstede to Gannon
Martin J. Gannon and cultural metaphors
◦ Distinct subcultures
AMERICAN FOOTBALL
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tailgate party
individualism and competitive specialization
complex plays (playbook)
unpredictable outcomes, high risk, aggressive (violent),
rich rewards
huddling -- people from different backgrounds and
abilities come together periodically to solve short-term
problems. Football is the only game in the world
having a huddle after every play. Teamwork +
competitive specialization.
ceremonial celebration of perfection.
ITALIAN OPERA
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operatic overture
pageantry and spectacle
voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to the
interaction between the individual and the group, and
between regional identity (North or South) and national
identity.
ITALIAN OPERA
 operatic overture
 pageantry and spectacle
 voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
 exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
 interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to
the interaction between the individual and the group,
and between regional identity (North or South) and
national identity.
ITALIAN OPERA
 operatic overture
 pageantry and spectacle
 voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
 exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
 interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to
the interaction between the individual and the group,
and between regional identity (North or South) and
national identity.
ITALIAN OPERA
 operatic overture
 pageantry and spectacle
 voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
 exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
 interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to
the interaction between the individual and the group,
and between regional identity (North or South) and
national identity.
ITALIAN OPERA
 operatic overture
 pageantry and spectacle
 voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
 exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
 interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to
the interaction between the individual and the group,
and between regional identity (North or South) and
national identity.
ITALIAN OPERA
 operatic overture
 pageantry and spectacle
 voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
 exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
 interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to
the interaction between the individual and the group,
and between regional identity (North or South) and
national identity.
ITALIAN OPERA
 operatic overture
 pageantry and spectacle
 voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
 exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
 interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to
the interaction between the individual and the group,
and between regional identity (North or South) and
national identity.
ITALIAN OPERA
 operatic overture
 pageantry and spectacle
 voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
 exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
 interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to
the interaction between the individual and the group,
and between regional identity (North or South) and
national identity.
ITALIAN OPERA
 operatic overture
 pageantry and spectacle
 voice or lyrical quality. More vowels than consonants.
Talking = singing.
 exteriority. The belief that the individual cannot keep
thoughts and emotions to himself/herself. Thoughts
and emotions must be expressed, first in the family
and then in the piazza. Equivalent to the crowd
scenes in opera.
 interaction between soloists and chorus, similar to
the interaction between the individual and the group,
and between regional identity (North or South) and
national identity.
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From Hofstede to Gannon
Martin J. Gannon and cultural metaphors
Perceptions of Multi-ethnicity
◦ Understanding & Harmony
◦ Positive, Neutral, and Negative
 Equal Status, common goals, social & institutional
support
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Two most important features
◦ Similar physical features + Language dialects
◦ Religion?
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Geographic Separation
Race
◦ Experts say not a valid classifier.
◦ “One-Drop” Theory
“Do multi-ethnic groups impede or facilitate
the formation of national cultures?”
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Impeding formation
◦ E.g. Iraq, Spain
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Facilitating formation
◦ U.S., Canada, Australia, Singapore
◦ Confucian concept of an inclusive community
“Is there or will there be a clash of
civilizations?”
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Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of
Civilizations and the Remaking of World
Order (1996).
◦ Civilization is defined by common objective
elements such as language, history, religions,
customs, institutions, and by a subjective selfidentification of people.”
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Western and non-Western civilizations
Primary source of conflict is between cultural
and religious lines.
Huntington’s “major civilizations”
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The concepts of ethnicities and civilizations
overlap.
◦ Civilization trumps ethnicity in some instances
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“The clash of civilizations is not a major
threat, but given tensions that exist in our
globalizing world it is wise to not discount
this possibility.”
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Less than 10% of the world’s nations are
monocultural
Self-Selection
Immigration creates ethnic tensions
Borderless world and borderless business
favors large nations and large companies
National entities such as the EU
The nation should be used as the basic unit
of analysis as opposed to relying solely on
ethnic and civilizational identifications
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Religion and Immigration are some of the most
debatable issues relative to ethnicity
Infanticide, Beheadings, and Capital Punishment
Many national systems of justice are being
updated periodically in terms of acceptable
practices elsewhere
Multiethnicity, Religion, and History slow the
pace of globalization
Religion may be the major component of all
civilizations
Emile Durkheim: The Elementary Forms of the
Religious Life (1916)
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Major component of all civilizations & ethnic
groups
Emile Durkheim The Elementary Forms of the
Religious Life (1916)
◦ Adheres to the etymological meaning of religion
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Religion directs, encourages, and restrains
behavior and practices
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Anthropomorphic – the concept of attributing
humanlike features to one’s God or Gods.
◦ Confucianism and Buddhism do not follow
◦ Advantages v. Disadvantages
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The Economist “Living with a Superpower”(2003)
◦ How national cultures link religion and basic values
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Ideology
◦ Used to justify controversial actions
“Does a Religion necessarily require
dogmas and creeds?”
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Dogma- body of doctrines concerning faith,
these are formally stated and proclaimed
Creed- is a fundamental belief that a specific
religion represents
The diverse issues of religions tend to
include an exclusionary system, which shuts
out all you do not follow the faith.
Classic Conflict- Islam vs. Christianity
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Promotes Unity of all people
Proposes that race, nation, sect, and class
aside we all equally believe in one God of
Supernatural Being
Tries to combine all major religions but
instead of insisting on dogmas and creeds
they follow seven inclusive principles
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1. The inherent worth and dignity of every
person.
2. Justice, equity, and compassion in human
relations.
3. Acceptance of one another and
encouragement to spiritual growth in local
congregations.
4. A free and responsible search for truth and
meaning.
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5. The right of conscience and the use of the
democratic process within local
Congregations and in society at large.
6. The goal of world community with peace,
liberty, and justice for all.
7. Respect for the interdependent web of all
existence of which we are part
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The Baha’i faith allows the independent
creation of dogmas and creeds as long as
they do not conflict with the 7 principles
The Baha’i faith only seeks to unify thus
religious leaders including Protestantism,
Catholicism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Islam
are now opening up discussion into an
integrated religious system.
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Often the biggest influence on culture and
religious beliefs
The early conquests of the globe has affected
the religious dogmas and creeds being
spread
Accordingly the technological advances of
certain nations, such as guns and steel, has
affected the magnitude of certain religions.
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Definition of Culture: “a shared meaning
system, found among those who speak a
particular dialect, during a specific historic
period, and in a definable geographic
region.”
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Cross-cultural exercise
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Ethnocentrism
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Business Globalization
◦ Logistics are becoming more efficient and transportation
costs are decreasing
◦ 45% of global trade is intraorganizational
◦ Communication technology decreasing geographic
distance
Cultural Globalization
◦ Cultural impediments to business: terrorist attacks,
political differences, and ethical differences
◦ Limitations: language differences, management
resistance, and computer incompatibilities
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A controversial and emotional issue varying
between different nations.
Legal and Illegal immigration is significantly
correlated with globalization and is
increasing dramatically.
Today we will talk about the Three Paradoxes
directly related to immigration’s relationship
to globalization.
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Example: In America, immigration was
welcomed highly after the formation of the
nation in 1776. Immigrants were used for:
◦ Vegetation Slaves
◦ Dirty/Dangerous Jobs
◦ Build Railroads, Industries, & Towns
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Through time, immigration grew so fast that
they began to limit the annual number
allowed, and specified what countries they
could come from
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Due to an increasingly strong competition for
resources, natives rallied against allowing so
many immigrants into their homeland
They created a biased daily life for those
foreign to the area through:
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Workplace
Food Availability
Housing
Transportation
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Fact: The United States has 34 million
immigrants, 12 million of whom are illegal.
Although 6 million of the illegal immigrants are
from Mexico and 2.5 million are from Latin
American nations, there are significant numbers
from Europe, Canada, Africa, and Asia
Fact: Immigration is vast in Western states
Fact: The main driving forces are war, famine,
political persecution, employment, and escaping
autocratic and repressive government
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Fact: 4% of the European Nations population
is Muslim
Fact: Australia includes 165 nationalities
Fact: 9 million Filipinos, out of the 88 million
country, work abroad
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Immigration has been around for hundreds of
years and will continue in the future. It
impacts multiple people along with several
different nations at large. While having a
great impact, the result can be a positive or
negative one on the economy.
“Will the Issue of Immigration derail
globalization?”
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Many signs that immigration may derail the
movement to globalize
Some European nations have drastically
tightened up their requirements for
citizenship
 Developed Nations vs. Underdeveloped
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Identify positive vs. negative features of
immigration
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New ideas cross national borders
Unskilled immigrants frequently take jobs
others do not want
Facilitate Economic Growth
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Cultural Integration Resistance
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Overwhelm available resources
 Educational
 Health
 Government Subsidies
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Compete Directly for Jobs
Overview
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Formulated by respected economic journalist
Robert Samuelson.
Emphasis on the effects of illegal and legal
immigration.
Focus is mainly on economic explanations,
with both positive and negative features.
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Negative effects of immigration
◦ Immigrants, whether legal or illegal, are generally
unskilled and poorly educated during early years in
the nation.
◦ These workers compete for unskilled jobs with
native born workers, increasing the magnitude of
the underclass.
◦ This makes it easier for employers to hire unskilled
workers (whether immigrant or native born) at
substandard wages.
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Skill levels explain most of the wage gap
between lower-paid immigrants and higher
paid native-born workers.
◦ Samuelson assumes that no nation has an
unlimited capacity to absorb immigrants, especially
when native born workers suffer from such a
policy, the unabated growth of the underclass, and
the increased possibility of social unrest.
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Explanation of immigration’s effects
◦ Studies summarized by The Economist indicate that
immigration, in the long-run, has had only a small
negative effect on the pay of America’s least
skilled.
◦ Short-run labor market disruptions ultimately
disappear in the long-run, although specific groups
can possibly suffer disproportionately in the short
and long-run.
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Principles and standards for resolving the
paradox.
◦ Size of the underclass should not increase.
◦ Employers would be required to follow the laws,
and that such laws would be strictly enforced.
◦ Introduce principles and standards proponents and
opponents could accept in the debate.
Can you identify other principles or standards that
might be relevant for the resolving the paradox
Samuelson has posed?
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Overview of Paradox 7.11
◦ Islam vs. Christianity
◦ Market-pricing culture vs. Equality-matching
culture
◦ Free speech vs. Authority-ranking culture
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Islam vs. Christianity
◦ Equality-matching cultures (egalitarian), in which
there is a high degree of individualism and a low
degree of power distance.
◦ Only a small number of nations fall under this
category. Some examples being Canada, Australia,
the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian nations.
◦ Some of the most explosive encounters between
Islam and Christianity have occurred in these
nations as a result of cultural conflicts regarding
the authority-ranking view of Islam and the free
speech ideas of Christianity.
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Market-Pricing vs. Equality-Matching
Cultures
◦ The paradox is that some Muslim immigrants want
to live in these equality matching cultures, but in
an authority-ranking fashion that may result in the
suppression of free speech.
◦ Whether such immigration is compatible with
market-pricing and equality-matching cultures is
still an open question.
Comments?
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Free-speech vs. Authority-ranking cultures
◦ To reiterate and conclude, Islam cultures favor the
authority-ranking system, whereas freedom of
expression and speech are a cornerstone of
Western democracy.
◦ Violence has resulted in several different incidents
as a result of Islamic extremists striking out against
negative expressions of their culture.
◦ In conclusion, the compatibility of these cultures is
still an open question.