HUMAN ANATOMY
LECTURE ONE
BODY OVERVIEW
ANATOMY TOPICS
• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined
without a microscope
- Regional: studied by area
- Systemic: studied by system
- Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures – use of anatomical imaging
- Developmental: changes from conception to maturity
• Microscopic: structures seen with the
microscope
- Cytology: cellular anatomy
- Histology: study of tissues
Anatomical Imaging Techniques
• Radiography - shadowy negative images of
internal body structures
• Computed
Tomography (CT
Scan) - computeranalyzed composite of
radiograph: shows
slices of the body
• Dynamic Spatial
Reconstruction
(DSR) - 3-D version
of CT using multiple
slices
• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) –
comparison of radiographs with and without dye.
Used in blood vessel studies.
• Ultrasound (US) – computer-analyzed sound
waves bounced off a structure in the body.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – uses
magnetism and radio waves to look for varying
alignment of protons in soft tissues.
• Positive Emission Tomography (PET) – uses
radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate
metabolic activity of cells.
PHYSIOLOGY TOPICS
• Study of processes and functions of living things
1. Understanding and predicting the body’s
responses to stimuli
2. Understanding how the body maintain conditions
within a changing environment
Divided into:
- Human Physiology: entire person
- Cellular Physiology: cellular processes
- Systemic Physiology: processes of an entire body
system
AREAS ENCOMPASSING
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• Pathology: structural and functional changes
caused by disease
• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and
function caused by exercise
STRUCTURAL AND
FUNTIONAL HEIRARCHY
•
•
•
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Chemical: interactions of atoms
Organelle: performs functions within the cell
Cell: functional unit of life
Tissue: groups of cells with similar structure and
function, also surrounding extracellular material
• Organs: two or more tissues performing common
functions
• Organ System: groups of organs acting together
ORGAN SYSTEMS
MAPPING THE BODY
Anatomical Positions Facing
you (palms up, flat feet)
superior vs inferior
anterior vs posterior
ventral vs dorsal
medial vs lateral
proximal vs distal
superficial vs deep tissue
partiel vs visceral
Anatomical Planes
Imaginary lines drawn through
the body
Transverse/cross section –
separates top and bottom
halves
Frontal/coronal section –
separates front and back
Sagittal section – separates
left and right
Midsagittal section - directly
through middle of body
Medial Section - separating an
organ in half
Body Quadrants
Body Cavities
Serous Membranes - line trunk cavities and cover
organs within these cavities
• thin, double layer of epithelial and connective tissue
• allows organs to expand and move without friction/damage
• composed of visceral and parietal serosa in continuous
sheet
Visceral Serosa - serous membrane covering organ
Parietal Serosa – serous membrane attached to cavity wall
Serous Cavity – fluid filled space in between membranes
Named according to their location:
• Pleura
Visceral Pleura – lung
Parietal Pleura – pleural cavity
wall
Pleural Cavity – pleural fluid
• Pericardium
Visceral Pericardium - heart
Parietal Pericardium –
pericardial cavity
Pericardial Cavity –
pericardial fluid
• Peritoneal
Visceral Peritoneum - organs of abdominopelvic region
Parietal Peritoneum – wall of abdominopelvic cavity
* referred to as MESENTARY
* organs lying between abdominal wall and parietal
membrane are called RETROPERITONEAL
(kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas)