Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Chapter 1
History of Anatomy & Physiology
Important Individuals:
• William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was
an English physician who was the first to describe
correctly and in detail the systemic circulation
and properties of blood being pumped to the
body by the heart.
• Henry Gray (1827–1861) was an English
anatomist and surgeon most notable for
publishing the book Gray's Anatomy the leading
reference text on structures. (Still in print today!)
Historical Examples of Medical Care
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I. History of Anatomy and Physiology
1775 - Period Practices:
Mortified
o
Mortification occurs when the wounded area no longer receives enough
blood or air in order for the tissue to sustain itself. The most common term for
mortification is gangrene.
o
Gangrene (tissue death) is the rotting and decay of the flesh or body parts
caused by infection or thrombosis or lack of blood flow. Typical sign of
mortification is the stench of dead flesh, a blackening of the skin and painful
swelling.
o
The most common form of gangrene involving gunshot wounds or
amputation was gas gangrene. Today we know it is caused by the clostridium
perfringens bacteria. It spreads quickly and is still often fatal.
Removing leg; Used wine and brandy to disinfect; Difficulty stopping
bleeding; Wiped wounded soldiers with water (American Revolutionary Times)
1861-1865 - Poultice (Civil War Medicine)
II.
Body Barriers- Defenses we have
against disease and infection.
A. Anatomic Barriers
1.intact skin
2.mucous lining of respiratory tract
B. Physiological Barriers
1. gastric acid (HCL) of the stomach
2. immune factors in blood (serums,
antibodies) and white blood cells
C. Unknown Factors: which could be genetic and/or
chemical in nature
II.
Body Cavities
A. Axial portion - head
B. Appendicular portion - arms and legs
C. Dorsal cavity: fairly small and well protected
1. Cranial - brain
2. Spinal - spinal cord
D. Ventral cavity - large and partially protected
1. Thoracic cavity - three parts, mediastinum separates
into 3 areas
2. Abdominopelvic cavity - contains small pelvic cavity
in bottom cavity
cavities
II. Body Membranes
A. Abdomen - peritoneum
1. Parietal peritoneum - lines body wall
2. Visceral - lines surface of organs
B. Thorax - 2 varieties of membranes
1. Pleura - always found in lung areas
a)
Parietal pleura - covers wall of thorax
b)
Visceral pleura - on surface of lungs
2. Pericardium - on heart
a)
Parietal pericardium - forms a sac around
the heart
b)
Visceral pericardium - on surface of heart
Chart of Membranes
Abdomen
Heart
Thorax
peritoneum
pericardium
pleura
Visceral = on an organ
Parietal = on an outside of an organ or surrounds an organ
Regions and Cavities