Anatomy and Physiology Honors Unit 1: 1 Prefixes and Suffixes for Anatomy 1. Append – to hang 2. Cardi- heart 3. Cran- helmet 4. Dors- back 5. Homeo- same 6. -logy study of 7. Meta- change 8. Pariet- wall 9. Pelv- basin 10. Peri- around 11. Pleur- rib 12. -stasis standing still 13. -tomy cutting Organ Systems • Body Covering • Integumentary System: skin and accessory organs – Hair, nails, sweat glands… • Support and movement • Skeletal systems: bone, ligament, cartilage • Muscular system: muscles, tendons • Integration and Coordination • Nervous System: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs • Endocrine System: Includes all glands that secrete chemical messengers, hormones. Anatomy and Physiology Honors Unit 1: 2 • Processing and Transport • Digestive System: mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, sm. int., lg. int. • Respiratory System: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. • Circulatory System: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood • Lymphatic System: lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen • Urinary System: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • Reproduction • Reproductive System: all organs associated with the production of new life Body Cavities • Contain the visceral organs • Axial portion • Head • Neck • Trunk • Appendicular portion • Arms • Legs • Axial cavity divided: • Dorsal c. • – Cranial: skull, brain – Spinal: spinal cord Ventral c. – Thoracic: above the diaphragm – Abdominopelvic: below diaphragm to floor of pelvis – Abdominopelvic Anatomy and Physiology Honors Unit 1: 3 • – Abdominal: stomach, liver, gall bladder, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine – Pelvic: end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs. Smaller cavities within the head 1. Oral: teeth, tongue 2. Nasal: paranasal sinuses, right and left divided by the septum 3. Middle ear: middle ear bones 4. Orbital: eyes, associated skeletal muscles and nerves • Membranes • Pleural membranes: associated with the lung • – Parietal pleura: line the lung compartments – Visceral pleura: membrane covering the lung – Pleural cavity: space between the pleura – Serous fluid: substance within the pleural cavity Mediastinum: portion of thoracic cavity separating the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus from the lungs. – • Pericardial membranes: • Visceral pericardium: membranes surrounding the heart • Parietal pericardium: second layer, more fibrous • Pericardial cavity: space between Abdominal cavity: peritoneal membranes – Parietal peritoneum: lines the walls of the cavity – Visceral peritoneum: covers the internal organs – Peritoneal cavity: space between The Anatomical Position • Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward. Anatomy and Physiology Honors Unit 1: 4 • Directional Terms 1. Superior: body part is above another, closer to the head 2. Inferior: below, closer to the feet 3. Anterior: (ventral) toward the front 4. Posterior: (dorsal) toward the back 5. Medial: relates to an imaginary line dividing the body equally into right and left halves. 6. Lateral: toward the side with respect to the midline. 7. Proximal: closer to the point of attachment, the trunk 8. Distal: farther from the point of attachment, the trunk 9. Superficial: situated near the surface. 10. Deep: situated more internally 11. Peripheral: outward • Body Sections • As described for sectional study 1. Sagittal: a lengthwise cut, divides the body into right and left portions. 2. Transverse: a cross cut dividing the body into superior and inferior portions. 3. Frontal: refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. 4. Cylindrical 1. Cross section: across the organs 2. Oblique section: angular cut through 3. Longitudinal section: lengthwise through