ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
• Anatomyexamines structures/morphology of body parts,
forms, organization
• Physiologyfunction of body parts
• Human organism-is an organized unit
Levels of organization
Subatomic part(e−,p⁺,nⁿ)atomsmoleculesmacromolecules
Cells- basic unit of structure + function
Tissues- cells organized into layers/masses w/ specific funct.
Organs- groups of tissue
- complex structures w/ specialized function
Organ system- groups of organs that function together
Organism- interacting organ system
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atoms/molecules
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Cells
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small intestine tissue
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Digestive system
Human organism
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small intestine
Characteristics of Life
• Movement
• Responsiveness
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Respiration
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Circulation
• Assimilation
• Excretion
= metabolism- physical/chemical events that obtain, release,
and utilize energy
Mental Mapping
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I am walking to Mcdonalds (movement)
I stop at the traffic light (response)
My body is growing (growth)
I am breathing air (respiration)
I get a hamburger and eat it (digestion)
My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption)
The hamburger circulates in my body (circulation)
The hamburger is changed to things my body needs
(assimilation)
• Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion)
• Someday I may reproduce (reproduction)
Requirements of Organisms
1. Water- most abundant subs. In body
– Required for metabolic processes
– Environment
– Transport
– Regulating body temp
2. Food- provide nutrients
3. Oxygen-gas (1/5 of air)
– Used in process of releasing energy from nutrients
– Energy drives metabolic process
4. Heat- energy in body
– Product of metabolic processes
– Controls rate which process occur
– More heat= faster reaction
5. Pressure-force
– Plays an important role in
breathing
– Hydrostatic Pressure- exerted
by liquid
• EX: blood pressure
Homeostasis
• Bodies maintenance of stable internal
environment
– Remains stable despite changing environment
- Takes most metabolic energy
Homeostatic mechanisms
• Self regulating control systems (3)
1. Receptors- give info about conditions in
internal envir.
2. Control center- set point
EX: body temp 98.6˚
3. Effectors- response that alter conditions
• Receptors measure deviations from set
point effectors activated to return cond. to
norm.
• Negative Feedback- deviation is corrected to
set point
Ex: Room temp 70˚F- air condition/furnace
Set point= 70 ˚
Air Condition/Furnace = effector
Thermostat= Receptor
• Body Homeostatic mechanisms
-body temp
-reg. of blood pressure
-concentration of sugar/glucose
• Positive Feedback – process which moves
conditions away from normal state
- Ex: blood clotting- chemicals stimulate
increase clotting to decrease bleeding
Organization of Human Body
• Axial portion- body, neck, trunk
• Appendicular-arms/legs
• Cranial cavity- brain
• Vertebral canal- spinal
cord surrounded by
backbone vertebrae
• Thoracic cavity and
Abdominopelvic cavity
– Viscera- organs within
– Diaphragm separates
• Thoracic cavity- lungs, mediastinum, heart,
esophagus, trachea, thymus gland
– Right Pleural- right lung
– Left Pleural- left lung
– Mediastinum- esophagus, trachea, thymus gland
• pericardial cavity= heart
• Abdominopelvic cavity- upper/lower pelvic portion
– Abdominal Cavity-stomach, liver, spleen,
gallbladder, small intestine
– Pelvic Cavity-lg. Intestine, urinary bladder, internal
reprod. organs
Small head cavities
• Oral cavity- teeth + tongue
• Nasal Cavity- divided into
right/left sect. By nasal
septum
– Sphenoidal + frontal sinuses
• Orbital cavity- eyes, skeletal
muscles, nerves
• Mid Ear Cavity- mid ear
bones
• Serous Membrane - two layered, covers
organs
– Outer layer = parietal
– Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs)
• Serous fluid – lubricating fluid
• 3 Major Locations
1. Pleura: lungs
2. Pericardium: heart
3. Peritoneal: abdominopelvic cavity
Membrane Names
Parietal Pleura / Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pericardium / Visceral Pericardium
Parietal Peritoneum/ Visceral Peritoneum
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Body Covering
Integumentary system
- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
- Protects tissues, regulate body temp., house
sensory receptors
Support/Movement
Skeletal System
- bones, ligaments, cartilage
- framework, protective shields, movement
Muscular System
- Muscles
- Contract/pull end together= movement,
maintain posture, source of body heat
Integration/Coordination
Nervous System
- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
- detects inside/outside changes= body reacts
Endocrine System
- pituary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland,
pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus
- Glands that secrete hormones
Transport
Cardiovascular system
- heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
- Blood transports, gases, nutrients, hormones
Lymphatic system
- Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes,
thymus, spleen
- Transports fluid
- Lymphocytes-cells defend against pathogens
Absorption/Excretion
Digestive System
-mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas,
small/lg intestines
- breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, excretes
waste
Respiratory System
- Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs
- Exchanges gas b/w blood and air
- Oxy in, CO2 out
Urinary System
-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Removes waste, stores/excretes urine
Reproduction
Reproductive system (male/female)
Male- scrotum, testes, urethra, penis
- produce/maintain/transfer sperm
Female- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
- produce/transport eggs
- Receive sperm
- Supports embryo
Anatomical Terminology
• Anatomical position:
– Standing erect
– Face forward
– Upper limbs at sides
– Palms forward
• Superior- above
• Inferior- below
• Anterior- toward front
• Posterior- toward back
• Lateral – toward side with respect to midline
Ipsilateral-pertains to same side
Contralateral- refers to opposite side
• Medial- midline divides into equal left/right
sides, closer to line is medial
• Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body
• Distal- farther from trunk of body
Body Sections
• Transverse- (horizontal) divides body into
inferior and superior portions
• Coronal- divides body into anterior/posterior
portions
• Sagittal- lengthwise cut right/left portions
– Midsagittal- sagittal sect. Passes along midline
– Parasagittal- sagittal sec passes parallel to midline
• Cross section: cut across structure
• Oblique section: angular cut
• Longitudinal- lengthwise cut
Body Regions
Pg 23
Quadrants
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