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America’s History, 8
Edition, Chapter 3 Review
Video
The British Atlantic World
(1660 - 1750)
New-European Colonies
0 New France:
0 Expanded into the North American interior (Canada)
0 Quebec was established as a trading post (fur)
0 Established Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians
0 Coureurs de bois – French fur traders
0 New Netherland:
0 New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony, but
engaged in significant commerce
0 Like the French, the Dutch traded furs
0 The Rise of the Iroquois:
0 Located in central and Western NY
0 Treaded weapons and goods with the Dutch and French
0 Remained a strong force in NY
Plantation Colonies
0 The Protestant Challenge to Spain
0 England began to build up its navy in the 16th century
0 Mercantilism – purpose was to benefit the Mother
Country (England) by exporting more goods than
importing
0 Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of
increased demand for sugar and tobacco
0 Brazil’s Sugar Plantations:
0 Very arduous labor, milling was done on site
0 As Indian populations declined, African slave labor was introduced
England’s Tobacco Colonies:
0 Jamestown: (1607)
0 Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of
colony)
0 Originally all men, hoped to gain gold
0 Eventually, tobacco became a major cash crop, but exhausted the
land -> encroach on Indian land
0 House of Burgesses – first representative government in US
(1619)
0 The Indian War of 1622:
0 1/3 of Jamestown population was killed by Indian attacks, English
retaliated
0 Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624 – colonists had to pay
taxes to support the Church of England
0 Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland:
0 Proprietor colony – royal grant of land granted by the King
0 Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649) – granted religious freedom to
CHRISTIANS only, particularly Catholics
0 Maryland relied heavily on tobacco, like the other Chesapeake
colony, Virginia
Plantation Colonies Cont.
0 The Caribbean Islands:
0 Like Brazil, these colonies focused on sugar production
0 Plantation Life:
0 Planation's grew in part, due to the Headright System:
0 Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an
immigrant’s passage – benefited the rich
0 Indentured Servitude:
0 In return for passage, individuals would work 4-5 years,
then could be free
0 ½ of all servants died before they became free
0 Used extensively in the Chesapeake colonies in 17th
century
African Laborers
0 Used more heavily in the Caribbean originally (sugar)
0 Used more in the Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it
was cheaper than indentured servants
0 Strict laws developed that promoted racism and regulated
behavior of blacks
0 Chattel Slavery
0 Virginia and Maryland-1660s
0 Legally defined chattel slavery
0 The status of the child would be determined based on the
MOTHER and not the FATHER
0 Ran contradictory to English law
0 Children born to slave owners and slave mothers were
automatically slaves
New-European Colonies Cont.
0 New England:
0 The Pilgrims
0 Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England
0 Plymouth’s climate was not as harsh as the Chesapeake
0 Representative self-government was established
0 Puritans – wanted to purify the English Church, NOT separate
from it
0 John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay:
0 Sought to establish a “City Upon a Hill”
0 Believed in predestination
0 Church members had tremendous power – only ones that could
vote; not religiously tolerant
0 Roger Williams and Rhode Island:
0 Advocated separation of church and state, religious toleration, and
friendly relations with Indians
0 Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop
0 No legally established church in RI
New-European Colonies Cont.
0 Anne Hutchinson:
0 Seen as a major threat to Puritans
0 Challenged gender roles in Church
0 Claimed to have direct revelations with God
0 Banished from MBC
0 Puritanism and Witchcraft:
0 Salem Witch Trials:
0 Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th century
0 Accused tended to be wealthier, widowed, and middle-ages
0 Reflected religious and social tensions
0 Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan society
0 After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft
declined
0 Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the
Enlightenment
Instability, War, and Rebellion
0 New England’s Indian Wars:
0 Puritan-Pequot War:
0 Pequots were allied with the Dutch, had conflicts with
English settlers
0 500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians,
New England retaliated harshly and gained land
0 Some settlers saw smallpox and other diseases that
decimated Indians as doing “God’s work” (John
Winthrop)
0 Metacom’s War, 1675 – 1676:
0 Metacom (King Philip) was a leader of the Wampanoags
0 Metacom was eventually killed and Natives were rarely a
threat in New England after
Instability, War, and Rebellion Cont.
0 Bacon’s Rebellion:
0 Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line
0 In the “west” many famers were underrepresented in
the House of Burgesses
0 Conflict between Natives and “westerners” like Bacon
0 Bacon almost took control, died suddenly
0 Significance?
0 Movement towards slaves for labor
0 Shows tensions between rich and poor, East and West
Colonies to Empire, 1660 - 1713
0 The Restoration Colonies and Imperial Expansion:
0 Proprietorship – royal grant of land given to an individual by the English Crown; Could
rule as wished, as long as it was within English laws
0 The Carolinas:
0 South Carolina established a strict racial hierarchy
0 Focused on growing rice
0 William Penn and Pennsylvania:
0 Believed in an “inner light,” Pacifists, no paid clergy
0 Paid Native Americans for their land
0 “Holy experiment” – toleration of many religious groups
0 All could attain salvation, did not favor predestination
0 Women had many rights in church – could become preachers, speak publicly
0 From Mercantilism to Imperial Dominion:
0 The Navigation Acts:
0 Laws passed by England that required all goods to be carried on English or colonial ships
0 Colonists could NOT trade with other countries – colonists began SMUGGLING!
0 The Dominion of New England - combined Massachusetts with the rest of New England, and later
New Jersey and New York
0 Assemblies were eliminated and a new governor was appointed – Sir Edmund Andros who
was very unpopular
0 The Dominion was met with resistance and ended with “The Glorious Revolution” in England
Colonies to Empire, 1660 - 1713
0 The Glorious Revolution in England and America
0 James II is overthrown, William and Mary
installed as joint rulers
0 Declaration of Rights established a
constitutional monarchy that limited the power
of the monarchy
0 Rebellions in America:
0 Leisler’s Rebellion:
0Rebelled against the Dominion of New England
0Was eventually hanged and decapitated
0Demonstrated tensions between lower class and
wealthy
Imperial Wars and Native Peoples
0 Tribalization:
0 Native Americans were forced to demands of
Europeans
0 Iroquois Indians used the French and English
against each other
0Iroquois sought to remain neutral in conflicts
between the two powers
The Imperial Slave Economy
0 The South Atlantic System:
0 Trade between the Caribbean, Brazil, and Africa
0 England and the West Indies:
0 Barbados became a major sugar producer using slave labor
0 Fear was a significant force in slave labor
0 Sugar was the most profitable crop
0 The Impact on Britain:
0 England gained tremendous wealth through the South Atlantic System and
Navigation Acts
0 Africa, Africans, and the Slave Trade:
0 Africans and the Slave Trade:
0 West Africa became a major player in the slave trade
0 2/3 of slaves were men
0 Many African men practiced polygamy
0 The Middle Passage and Beyond:
0 Middle Passage – Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas
0 Horrific conditions
0 Many died on the ship
0 Slaves regularly worked 10 hour days in brutal heat
0 Suffered mental and physical abuse, as well as sexual exploitation
The Imperial Slave Economy Cont.
0 An African American Community Emerges:
0 Plantation owners purposely bought slaves from different areas of Africa
that did not speak the same language
0 Building Community:
0 Africans developed a unique blend of both African and American cultures
0 Religion, music, etc.
0 Resistance and Accommodation:
0 Slave resistance mostly took the form of working slowly, faking illness,
breaking tools, and running away
0 The Stono Rebellion (1739):
0 Many slaves revolted and killed whites and tried to flee to Spanish Florida
0 After this and other Rebellions, slave laws became more strict
0 The Rise of the Southern Gentry (high social class):
0 Wealthy plantation owners had tremendous power
0 Hoped to prevent another Bacon’s Rebellion by lowering taxes and
encouraging small farmers to own slaves
0 Some small farmers were given the right to vote
The Northern Maritime Economy
0 Trade increased contact and reliance between New
England and West Indies
0 The Urban Economy:
0 Molasses from the West Indies was turned into rum in
New England
0 The New England fishing industry sold fish to Europe
0 A major shipbuilding industry emerged in New
England – 1/3 of British fleet by 1770s
0 Urban Society:
0 Merchant elites controlled a sizeable portion of trade in
New England
0 Artisans made up 50% of society
0 Indentured servants and slaves worked on docks
0 Children were often forced to work to help provide for
their families
The New Politics of Empire, 1713 1750
0 The Rise of Colonial Assemblies:
0 Only white, property-owning males could vote
0 Many assemblies limited the power of the royally
appointed governor
0 Elite families dominated politics; many members of one
family would serve on legislatures
0 Crowds would often protest colonial acts deemed
unpopular
0 Salutary Neglect:
0 Coined by philosopher Edmund Burke
0 Essentially, England left the colonies alone, as long as they
were profitable
0 Ends in 1763 with the end of the 7 Years War (Britain
needed $ to pay for its debt)
Diversity in the Middle
Colonies
0 Economic Growth, Opportunity, and Conflict:
0 Tenancy in New York:
0 Tenant farmers had a hard time gaining land and wealth
0 Conflict in the Quaker Colonies:
0 William Penn encouraged Quakers and Protestants to move to Pennsylvania
0 Many immigrants became squatters – illegally settling on land
0 Eventually, the Penn family claimed Indian land near Philadelphia
0 Many earned a living as farmers and storekeepers
0 Cultural Diversity:
0 Many immigrants married within their own ethnic groups
0 The German Influx:
0 Germans left Germany due to conscription, religious freedom, and taxes
0 Many became farmers
0 Scots-Irish Settlers:
0 Irish Test Act of 1704 – only members of Church of England could vote in
Ireland
0 Many migrated to Philadelphia as they were lured by religious freedom
Diversity in the Middle Colonies
Cont.
0 Religion and Politics:
0 By the 1740s, Quakers were a minority in Pennsylvania
0 Scots-Irish were hostile towards Indians
Commerce, Culture, and
Identity
0 2 major cultural movements impacted Colonial America – Enlightenment
and Pietism
0 Transportation and the Print Revolution:
0 Roads developed slowly – costly and difficult to build
0 Information increased as transportation increased
0 Colonial newspapers developed with news from Europe
0 The Enlightenment in America:
0 The European Enlightenment:
0 Stressed human reasoning and natural rights
0 John Locke – Two Treatises of Government – consent of the governed
0 Franklin’s Contribution:
0 Founder of the Pennsylvania Gazette
0 Franklin was a Deist (as was Jefferson and others) – believed in God, but that
God did not interfere in the world
0 God created the world and “stepped back”
Commerce, Culture, and Identity
Cont.
0 American Pietism and the Great Awakening: religious revival heavily
based on emotion
0 New England Revivalism:
0 Johnathan Edwards – Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
0 Drew inspiration from religious movements in Europe
0 Whitefield’s Great Awakening:
0 George Whitefield – great orator
0 Traveled throughout the colonies
0 Those that converted were considered “New Lights”
0 Religious Upheaval in the North:
0 “New Lights”: those that embraced the Great Awakening and converted
0 “Old Lights”: older preachers against conversions and emotionalism of The
Great Awakening
0 Significance of The Great Awakening?
0 Undermined traditional authority – new churches developed
0 “New Light” colleges developed – Princeton, Columbia, Rutgers
0 Challenge to authority would later influence the American Revolution
Commerce, Culture, and Identity
Cont.
0 Social and Religious Conflict in the South:
0 Many African Americans and poor whites were left out by Anglican
ministers
0 The Presbyterian Revival:
0 Many converted in Virginia and other areas
0 Diversity in religion challenged tax supported Anglican-Church
0 The Baptist Insurgency:
0 Focused on adult baptism – “born again”
0 Baptism appealed to African Americans; belief that all people were equal
0 House of Burgesses made it illegal to preach to slaves without their owners permission